APOLOGY OF A LIFE SCIENTIFIC COMPENDIUM I

I would like to show this great text that I made a book made and elaborated by myself that I did with great honor and satisfaction that had served as a support to know about the body, spirit and soul that we researched here towards an existence on life that I keep as a security of my life against the sick diseases and diseases that the world is out of touch with a reality of life itself and I want you to feel the nobility of my studies on life behind the happiness of living and being happy that are wrapped in these innumerable pages theoretically from great masters of science and great curiosity of my wisdom that rises next to my book that goes inside like an emanation of light on life and its contexts of living and being happy in full health.

I firmly want to point out and point out to readers that this compendium made and created by me is an extraordinary memory that I keep with love and affection for all to read and understand with extraordinary firmness that life in us is something very valuable for being human and children of god and knowing how to understand every detail narrated in these little leaves that was born from a feeling and thought that life is like an eternal sounding box for never stop playing the same music or the same life that is a constant pulse throughout life.

Biology is the science that studies life and living organisms, their structure, growth, functioning, reproduction, origin, evolution, distribution, as well as their relations with the environment and with each other; bioscience, biological sciences [Comprises several other specialized sciences, such as, for example, ecology, biochemistry, genetics, zoology and botany].

Vitamin is in biochemistry each of the organic molecules, present in relatively small amounts in living beings, but essential for metabolism.

Mineral salts are nutrients that provide important substances such as sodium, potassium, calcium and iron, etc.

The protein in biochemistry is a macromolecule composed of one or more polypeptide chains, each having a sequence of characteristic amino acids and molecular weight; protid [It represents a large portion of the mass of living beings and is necessary in the diet of animals and organisms that do not perform photosynthesis.].

The cell is a microscopic structural and functional unit of living beings, consisting fundamentally of genetic material, cytoplasm and plasma membrane.

The human body is a set of bone and muscle structure that comprises the human organism. It is also responsible for maintaining human life, along with all other vital functions that the human body performs.

Weight training is a complex of muscle movements.

Mineral is a solid and crystalline natural body formed as a result of the interaction of physical-chemical processes in geological environments. Each mineral is classified and named not only on the basis of its chemical composition, but also on the crystalline structure of the materials that compose it.

The plant kingdom is the kingdom of nature that groups plants together, a vast set of multicellular eukaryotic organisms, without motility and predominantly autotrophic photosynthetic, containing cells that generally include one or more chloroplasts, organelles.

The mineral kingdom, different from the animal and vegetable kingdoms, is formed by everything that has no life, for example, water, soil, gases, ores, rocks. The origin of minerals that are characterized by cooling of the magma, precipitation of salts or the rearrangement of ions (metamorphism).

The kingdom plantae - Concept, what is, Meaning. The Plantae Kingdom is a concept that belongs to the area of Biology and refers to the group formed by all terrestrial plants, including from mosses to the big trees of the Amazon.

Enzymes are organic substances with the function of catalyzing other chemical reactions and perfecting the production of other compounds essential for our health.

Autoimmune disease is a failure in a functional division of the immune system called self-tolerance, which results in immune responses against the body's own cells and tissues. Any disease that results from this type of response is called an autoimmune disease.

Atoms for the thinkers of atomism, each of the tiny, eternal and indivisible particles, which combine and disintegrate moved by the mechanical forces of nature, thus determining the characteristics of each object.

The Chemical Element is the set of atoms with the same atomic number, that is, with the same amount of protons in their nucleus. The atomic number is the number of protons that an atom has in its nucleus.

Physiology is the study of the functions and normal functioning of living beings, esp. the physical-chemical processes that occur in the cells, tissues, organs and systems of healthy living beings; biophysiology.

The functions that are common to all living beings, also called vital functions , include: reproductive functions, including gametogenesis, fertilization, spore propagation or other reproductive structures, etc .; metabolism functions, such as breathing, eating; the functions of catabolism.

Genes, in the definition of classical genetics, are the fundamental unit of heredity. Each gene is formed by a specific sequence of nucleic acids - the most important biomolecules in cell control, as they contain genetic information.

Chemistry is the scientific study of the constitution of matter, its properties, transformations and the laws that govern them.

Biochemistry is the interdisciplinary science (or branch) that uses principles and methods of chemistry to investigate the transformations that occur in substances and molecules from living beings and their metabolic processes; biological chemistry, physiological chemistry.

Alchemy is the chemistry of the Middle Ages, which sought to discover the universal panacea, or remedy against all physical and moral ills, and the philosopher's stone, which should transform metals into gold; espagiria, espagírica.

Metaphysics in Aristotelianism, a fundamental subdivision of philosophy, characterized by the investigation of the realities that transcend sensitive experience, capable of providing a foundation for all particular sciences, through reflection on the primal nature of being; philosophy first.

in Kantism, study of the constitutive forms or laws of reason, the basis of all speculation about super-sensitive realities (the cosmic totality, God or the human soul), and source of general principles for empirical knowledge.

The body is first understanding of what the body is because it is the visible part, that is, what we inhabit in the physical world. There are passages in the bible that state that God made man from the dust of the earth, which arose in Roman Catholicism and Islam.

The body's organic composition has 72% water, 14% carbon, 9% hydrogen, 5% nitrogen and 3.5% distributed among 15 other elements such as calcium, potassium, sulfur, sodium, iodine, chlorine, zinc , among others. Coincidence or not, this is also the same organic composition of the earth. In other words, the land that gives life to human beings is the same as the land that produces food.

The Bible is very emphatic in saying that Jesus became man in everything, but he was also 100% spirit. But for God, the body is your address, or sanctuary, or tabernacle of flesh, or even a little God.

The soul in the New Testament recognizes the soul as a "psyche", translated from the Greek as an invisible inner part. It is considered the seat of emotions that works in the field of the human mind and emotional feelings. Still in the Old Testament, four categories of souls were suggested: the biological soul (linked to emotions in a physical sense), the eternal soul (gift from God, a differentiated soul), the soul as a citizen and the soul as feeling (feelings as joy and sadness).

The spirit It is the part that connects Christians to God, it is the connection with spiritual things. It is something that belongs only to man. In the bible we see that the spirit was inflated in the nostrils of Adam. The connection between the spirit and God happens through prayer, praise and glory to him.

The spirit can govern the life and character of man, representing nature and transforming it every day into the true image and likeness of God. It is the active principle of our spiritual life and it is also immortal. Responsible for maintaining a connection with God and receiving his knowledge.

Homogeneous is that which has the same nature and / or has similar structure, function, distribution, etc. in relation to (it is said of anything in comparison to another).

It is what presents great unity, adhesion among its elements.

Physics is science is what investigates the laws of the universe with respect to matter and energy, which are its constituents, and their interactions.

Quantum physics is a theoretical branch of science that studies all the phenomena that happen with atomic and subatomic particles, that is, that are equal to or smaller than atoms, such as electrons, protons, molecules and photons, for example .

The five kingdoms is the most widespread category and includes living beings that have similar characteristics, but some important peculiarities. We currently consider the existence of five kingdoms: Monera, Protista or Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

The seven and five senses are the taste, touch, smell, sight and hearing are not the only senses of the human body. We often hear the statement that we have 5 senses. But what scholars like neurologist Alvaro Pascual-Leone and psychologists Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris of Harvard University in the USA say is that our ability to perceive the world, both internally and externally, goes far beyond the basic 5 senses aristotelian. To get a sense of what that means, we can try to answer questions. In the beginning, the title question for rece silly: at school, we learn that there are only five - sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Then came fiction to expand our horizons - the film “The Sixth Sense” introduced us to one more, responsible for perceiving extra-sensory and supernatural experiences, while in the universe of the drawing “The Knights of the Zodiac” it is possible to reach up to the eighth sense, that would be superior to everyone else. But which of these assumptions is right?

The answer may seem absurd, but a little research leads us to the answer that we are not restricted to the “classic” senses - however, fiction also does not get the explanations right. The numbers vary according to the research developed and range from a minimum of 9 to a maximum of 33 different perceptions.

Breaking the myth

The most common senses that we know and learn are called "fundamental senses". The classification is attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle and takes into account the most basic methods of perception of the human body, capable of explaining our relationship with the different stimuli of the environment. Still, this does not mean that such information is wrong, but only incomplete.

Touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing are part of a consensual response - they all exist, but can be expanded to more complex classifications. The problem is that there is no official formulation for how many senses would exist in the human body.

As the more complex ramifications involve more specific scientific knowledge, we will address what would be the four additional senses of our body.

Perceptions

Outside of fiction, perception has nothing to do with "I see dead people" or any other kind of supernatural experience. Two of the senses are strongly related to very everyday sensations, but you don't even think they fit into this category.

Proprioception

When you have your eyes closed, for example, you can perceive the muscles and limbs of your body, even if you cannot see them - this is the so-called sense of proprioception, or spatial location of the body. Look at how important it is: close your eyes and place your right index finger on your navel. The person responsible for unconsciously "showing" you where those parts of the body are is proprioception.

balance

Another important perception concerns balance, which is one of the most important senses of our organism. After all, he is responsible for making us stand up, walk around, feel the gravity that acts on our bodies and play sports, for example. It works by moving fluids present in the inner ear, which swing according to our actions.

The superpowers of the skin

One of the most fascinating mechanisms of the human body is what the nervous system is capable of doing from the skin. It reacts to contact with any object - and differently if we touch it with an ice cube or an ember, for example. It is responsible for the other additional senses of the human body.

It is on the skin that the greatest number of additional senses would be concentrated, thanks to the high number of different nerve endings. What we call tact, therefore, can be expanded into thermoception, which is the act of feeling changes in temperature, such as cold water or when you get close to the stove on, for example.

In addition, this is a very important defense feature, as it keeps us away from possible dangers such as very high or low temperatures. But, like the other senses of the body, it does not work without the help of other mechanisms.

Nociception

This perception is usually associated with other senses, as it is activated to alert about pain. It can be a physical presence from touch, like a punch or a needle, to thermal wounds (like burns) and chemical wounds (like inflammations). Those responsible for detecting all this are sensors spread throughout the body called nociceptors.

The inner senses

But none of these senses would work without brain activity and our nervous system. In addition to the mechanisms already mentioned, the organism is capable of manifesting perceptions that you don't even realize are functioning, but that are essential for our existence. Even the functioning of the organs can be considered isolated senses, such as filtering the kidneys or releasing secretions from the liver.

Without getting into more complex issues, it is possible to mention perceptions such as hunger, thirst or the passage of time. In addition, according to some of the studies that increase the number of human senses to 21 or 33, much more specific parts of the body also make the list, such as several sensory receptors spread throughout the lungs, brain or spinal cord.

Synesthesia

Some people say that they are able to relate colors, smells, sounds or tastes to each other, even if they are not present in the environment - like joining green to a sweet taste or immediately smelling a meat smell when seeing an image.

in a barbecue being done, for example.

This is synesthesia, a very curious phenomenon regarding the senses. Whoever has it is able to mix more than one sensory plane, causing effects as in the examples mentioned above. Usually, this activity is related to the use of hallucinogenic drugs, but there are those who develop this “superpower” without the aid of any substance. Now that you know that the human body has more than five senses, notice during your daily life how many times you use each of the complementary senses - and be scared to imagine what it would be like to live without one of them.

The seven chakras and their meanings There are seven main chakras that are associated with the endocrine system of the human body, located along the spine, from bottom to top are: Basic, Sexual, Umbilical, Cardiac, Laryngeal, Frontal and Coronary.

Mind power, we're talking about your own ability to change your life. Most of us are aware of the existence of a "subconscious" mind - but we don't necessarily know what it is, what it does or how we master it.

Yoga or yoga means to control, to unite. It is a term of Sanskrit origin, a language present in India, especially in the Hindu religion. Yoga is a concept is a philosophy, which works the body and mind, through traditional disciplines of those who practice it.

Psychology is a science that deals with mental states and processes, human behavior and their interactions with a physical and social environment. It is a set of psychological traits characteristic of an individual or a group of individuals.

Now we are going to decipher several issues that I here employ with a lot of love about everything about life and its variant strategies in which we see the human body much more efficiently in our eyes that perhaps does not see simply the human being's relationship between science and science. life and thank you all!

WHAT IS BIOLOGY?

What is Biology? Who has never asked this question when studying this discipline? This science is related to the study of life in all its nuances.

Biology studies life in its most varied aspects Before starting to study any discipline, we must know what it is. It was probably this doubt that brought you here: what is biology, anyway?

The name of this science comes from the combination of two Greek terms: bio, which means life, and logos, which means study. Therefore, we say that Biology is the science responsible for studying life in all its aspects. But you must be asking yourself: What would life be like? And, after all, what aspects are these studied by Biology?

Incredible as it may seem, the first question is not easy to answer, because life does not have a definition accepted by all scientists. It is very difficult to define life clearly without excluding some clearly living organisms. Until then, the vast majority of researchers established that a living being is an organism that presents metabolism, reproduces itself and is subject to evolutionary processes.

From the definition of life, other questions arise: What is metabolism? What is reproduction? What is evolution? We can say that metabolism are the biochemical reactions that occur in the body of a being and in its cells. Reproduction is the ability to generate a new living being. Finally, evolution concerns the changes that living beings undergo over time. Therefore, for an organism to be considered alive, it must perform biochemical reactions in its body, be able to generate descendants and undergo changes over time.

Now that we know what life is that biologists study, it remains to know the factors linked to it that are studied by Biology specifically. Unfortunately, this answer is also not simple, as this science is concerned with each and every characteristic of a living organism. When studying this science, we analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of a being, the structures of its cells, its genes, how the organs work, how the development and evolution of a living being occurs, how this organism relates to others and to the environment, among several other fundamental aspects to understand how a being is established or established on the planet.

Faced with so many questions to be answered about a living being, it was necessary to divide Biology into several areas for the study to occur satisfactorily. Botany, for example, is an area of Biology that studies plants. However, there is no professional who studies all aspects of plants, as there are botanists specialized in the anatomy of the plant, in physiology, taxonomy, genetics and several other aspects.

It is worth noting that Biology does not exist only to describe living beings. It was through it that we achieved wonderful discoveries, such as those that occurred in the field of health and that contributed to the prevention of various diseases and cure of problems that previously and death sentences. This science has also achieved wonderful results in Genetics, such as the creation of genetically modified organisms. In addition, Biology plays a fundamental role in Criminalistics, helping to hold criminals accountable through the study of biological material at crime scenes.

It can be seen, therefore, that Biology, even though it is an extremely broad, complex and full of questions to be answered, is also an area full of beauties and fascinating aspects that make us understand the importance of each being, from macro to microscopic ones.

In this space you will get to know the most curious points of Biology and delve into essential themes for this science. Discover the texts that are most fascinating in the study of life in the texts below.

Vitamins

Vitamins are organic compounds not synthesized by the body, being incorporated through food.

They are essential for the functioning of important biochemical processes in the body, especially as catalysts for chemical reactions.

The main sources of vitamins are fruits, vegetables, legumes, meat, milk, eggs and cereals.

Partial vitamin deficiency is called hypovitaminosis, while excess vitamin intake is called hypervitaminosis. Avitaminosis is the extreme or total lack of vitamins.

There are also pro-vitamins, substances from which the body is able to synthesize vitamins. For example: carotenes (pro-vitamin A) and sterols (pro-vitamin D).

Vitamins are found in a wide variety of foods

Types

Vitamins are divided into two groups, depending on the substance in which they dissolve:

• Fat-soluble vitamins: These are fat-soluble vitamins and therefore can be stored. This group includes vitamins A, D, E and K.

• Water-soluble vitamins: These are the B complex vitamins and vitamin C, soluble in water. They cannot be stored in the body, making cases of hypervitaminosis rare. They are also absorbed and excreted quickly.

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamin A (Retinol / Beta-Carotene)

• Functions: Growth and development of tissues; antioxidant action; reproductive functions; epithelium integrity, important for vision.

• Sources: Liver, kidney, cream, butter, whole milk, egg yolk, cheese and oily fish. Sources of carotenes present in carrots, zucchini, sweet potatoes, mangoes, melons, papayas, red peppers, broccoli, watercress, spinach.

• Hypovitaminosis: keratinization of the mucous membranes that line the respiratory tract, digestive tract and urinary tract. Keratinization of the skin and epithelium of the eye. Changes in skin, insomnia, acne, dry skin with flaking, decreased taste and appetite, night blindness, corneal ulcers, loss of appetite, growth inhibition, fatigue, bone abnormalities, weight loss, increased incidence of infections.

• Hypervitaminosis: Joint pain, thinning of long bones, hair loss and jaundice.

Vitamin D

• Functions: Absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Helps the growth and resistance of bones, teeth, muscles and nerves;

• Sources: Milk and dairy products, enriched margarines and cereals, fatty fish, eggs, beer yeast.

• Hypovitaminosis: Bone abnormalities, rickets, osteomalacia;

• Hypervitaminosis: Hyperkalaemia, bone pain, weakness, developmental failure, calcium deposits in the kidneys;

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

• Functions: Antioxidant action, protects cells from damage caused by free radicals, helping to prevent cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer.

• Sources: Vegetable oils, nuts, almonds, hazelnuts, wheat germ, avocado, oats, sweet potatoes, dark green vegetables.

• Hypovitaminosis: Hemolytic anemia, neurological disorders, peripheral neuropathy and skeletal myopathy.

• Hypervitaminosis: There is no known toxicity.

Vitamin K

• Functions: Catalyze the synthesis of blood clotting factors in the liver. Vitamin K acts in the production of prothrombin, which combines with calcium to help produce the coagulant effect, in addition to being necessary in maintaining bone health.

• Sources: Leafy green vegetables, liver, beans, peas and carrots.

• Hypovitaminosis: Tendency to bleeding.

• Hypervitaminosis: Dyspnea and Hyperbilirubinemia.

Water-soluble vitamins

Vitamin CI

• Functions: Antioxidant, healing, acts on the growth and maintenance of body tissues, including bone matrix, cartilage, collagen and connective tissue.

• Food sources: Citrus fruits, berries, apples, tomatoes, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cabbage, broccoli.

• Hypovitaminosis: hemorrhagic spots on the skin and bones, weak capillaries, fragile joints, difficulty in healing wounds, bleeding gums.

Exotic fruits are also excellent sources of vitamin C.

Complex B vitamins

The B vitamins comprise eight vitamins, they are:

Thiamine

(B1)

• Functions: Energy release from carbohydrates, fats and alcohol.

• Sources: Wheat germ, peas, yeast, fortified breakfast cereals, peanuts, liver, potatoes, pork and beef, liver, grains, legumes.

• Hypovitaminosis: Beriberi (pain and paralysis of the extremities, cardiovascular changes and edema), anorexia, indigestion, constipation, gastric atony, insufficient hydrochloric acid secretion, fatigue, general apathy, weakening of the heart muscle, edema, heart failure and chronic pain in the musculoskeletal system.

• Hypervitaminosis: May interfere with the absorption of other B vitamins.

Riboflavin (B2)

• Functions: Provides food energy, growth in children, restoration and maintenance of tissues.

• Sources: Yogurt, milk, cheese, liver, kidney, heart, wheat germ, vitaminized cereal, grains, oily fish, yeast, eggs, crab, almond, pumpkin seed, vegetables.

• Hypovitaminosis: Cheilosis (cracks in the corners of the mouth), glossitis (edema and redness of the tongue), blurred vision, photophobia, skin peeling, seborrheic dermatitis.

Niacin (B3)

• Functions: Necessary for the production of energy in the cells. It plays a role in the actions of enzymes in the metabolism of fatty acids, tissue respiration and elimination of toxins.

• Sources: Lean meats, liver, oily fish, peanuts, vitaminized breakfast cereals, milk, mushroom cheese, peas, green leafy vegetables, eggs, artichokes, potatoes, asparagus.

• Hypovitaminosis: Weakness, pellagra, anorexia, indigestion, skin rashes, mental confusion, apathy, disorientation, neuritis.

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

• Functions: Transformation of energy from fats, proteins and carbohydrates into essential substances such as hormones and fatty acids.

• Sources: Liver, kidney, egg yolk, milk, wheat germ, peanuts, nuts, whole grains, avocado.

• Hypovitaminosis: Neurological diseases, headache, cramps and nausea.

Pyridoxine (B6)

• Functions: It plays a role in the central nervous system, participates in the metabolism of lipids, in the structure of phosphorylase and in the transport of amino acids across the cell membrane.

• Sources: Wheat germ, potatoes, bananas, cruciferous vegetables, nuts, nuts, fish, avocado, sesame seeds.

• Hypovitaminosis: Central nervous system abnormalities, skin disorders, anemia, irritability and seizures.

• Hypervitaminosis: Ataxia and sensory neuropathy.

Biotin (B8)

• Functions: Energy production through food, synthesis of fats, excretion of protein residues.

• Sources: Egg yolk, liver, kidney, heart, tomato, yeast, oats, beans, soy, nuts, artichoke, peas and mushrooms.

• Hypovitaminosis: Skin changes.

Folate (B9) - Folic Acid

• Functions: Acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates, maintains the function of the immune system, together with vitamin B12, is present in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, in addition to participating in the formation and maturation of blood cells.

• Sources: Green leafy vegetables, liver, beet, wheat germ, vitaminized cereals, nuts, peanuts, grains, legumes.

• Hypovitaminosis: Megaloblastic anemia, mucosal lesions, malformation of the neural tube, growth problems, gastrointestinal disorders, changes in cellular nuclear morphology.

Cobalamin (B12)

• Functions: Acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids and in the formation of the heme portion of hemoglobin; essential for the synthesis of DNA and RNA; participates in the formation of red blood cells

• Sources: Animal foods, liver, kidney, lean meat, milk, eggs, cheese, yeast.

• Hypovitaminosis: Pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, gastrointestinal disorders.

• Find out what it is for and where to find each type of vitamin

Little varied diet causes diseases derived from avitaminosis

Vitamins promote several benefits for the body, in addition to keeping the body functioning in order. According to the nutrologist André Veinert, they also belong to a group of organic nutrients that promote physical and mental well-being. Therefore, they should be eaten daily in adequate portions.

The amount to be ingested may vary according to the person's age, sex, health status and physical activity. The doses of vitamins must be increased and reinforced in pregnant women, breastfeeding women and people with impaired health - explains the expert.

Vitamins are classified according to the substances that dissolve them. Vitamins A, D, K, E are fat soluble, that is, fat soluble. If ingested in excess, they can harm the body. Vitamin C and B complex (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9) are water-soluble (water-soluble). They are excreted by the kidneys and can be consumed daily.

The nutrologist warns of a lack of vitamins in the body, which can cause avitaminosis and other diseases.

- The absence can be caused by a little varied diet. Those who do not consume fruits or vegetables may develop some disease s as a consequence of avitaminosis- he states.

But remember that abusive consumption also becomes a health hazard. Seek expert advice, maintain healthy habits and exercise, so you will keep your whole body and mind functioning in perfect harmony.

Know the main vitamins and their most important functions:

Vitamin A

It plays a very important role in the vision, growth, development and maintenance of the skin. Where to find: animal foods, dark green leafy vegetables, yellow-orange fruits.

Vitamin D

It is fundamental in bone metabolism, helping to prevent diseases such as rickets, osteomalacia and osteoporosis. Where to find: fish liver oil, butter, cream, egg yolk and salmon.

Vitamin E

It is related to the prevention of conditions associated with oxidative stress, such as aging, cancer, cardiovascular disease, among others. Where to find: almonds, corn oil, soy oil, egg yolk, nuts, wheat germ.

Vitamin C

It helps to strengthen the immune system, helps in the process of iron absorption by the body, in fighting stress and acts as a natural antibiotic. Where to find: pineapple, strawberry, lemon, orange, passion fruit.

Vitamin K

It is important for good blood clotting, being present in the fat of foods especially of vegetable origin. Where to find: green foods like leafy vegetables and vegetables like kale, broccoli and parsley.

B12 vitamin

It is associated with the functioning of all cells and also of nervous tissue. Its absence can cause neurological changes and the development of megaloblastic anemia. Where to find: liver and kidney, milk, egg, fish, cheese and meat.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Keeps the nervous and circulatory systems in good working order and assists in blood formation and carbohydrate metabolism. Prevents aging, improves brain function, combats depression and fatigue. Where to find: leafy vegetables (romaine, spinach), eggplant, mushrooms, whole grain grains, beans, nuts, tuna, beef and poultry.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavian)

Prevents cataracts, helps in the repair and maintenance of the skin and in the production of the hormone adrenaline. Where to find: vegetables, whole grains, milk and meat.

Vitamin B3 (Nicotinamide)

It reduces triglycerides and cholesterol and assists in the proper functioning of the nervous and immune system. Where to find: yeast, lean beef and poultry, liver, milk, egg yolk, whole grains, leafy vegetables (broccoli, spinach), asparagus, carrots, sweet potatoes, dried fruits, tomatoes, avocado.

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)

Assists in the formation of red blood cells and chemical detoxification. Prevents cartilage degeneration and helps build antibodies. Where to find: meats, eggs, milk, whole and whole grains, peanuts, yeast, vegetables (broccoli), some fruits (avocado), cold water fish ovaries, royal jelly.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Reduces the risk of heart disease, helps maintain the central nervous system and the immune system. In addition, it relieves migraines and nausea. Where to find: whole grains, sunflower seeds, soybeans, peanuts, beans, poultry, fish, fruits (bananas, tomatoes, avocados) and vegetables (spinach).

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Promotes cell growth, aids in the production of fatty acids and reduces blood sugar. Vitamin B7 prevents baldness and also relieves muscle pain. Where to find: poultry meat, liver, kidneys, egg yolk, cauliflower, peas.

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

Promotes the health of hair and skin. Vitamin B9 provides nutrients to ensure the maintenance of the immune, circulatory and nervous systems and helps fight breast and colon cancer.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

It acts on red blood cells, nerve cells, hormonal balance and the beauty of the skin. When the consumption of foods rich in vitamin B12 is small, a dietary supplement should be taken to prevent anemia and other complications. Where to find: liver, kidneys, meat, fish, eggs, milk, cheese.

MINERALS

Minerals are inorganic chemical compounds that, when grouped, give rise to different types of rocks.

Set of different minerals for economic use

Minerals are naturally formed inorganic chemical compounds that have a well-defined molecular structure. They can be formed on Earth or appear on the planet through meteorites and other non-terrestrial space bodies.

Currently, there are more than 4,000 minerals cataloged and, as geological studies advance, more and more minerals are being discovered, some of them from 2014 extracts, for example, a group of researchers discovered a new mineral present in a meteorite which had been collected in Antarctica in the 1960s. The name of the mineral is Wassonite and was only produced on Earth in laboratory research.

The Atoms, in general, have a crystallized structure with an established chemical chain, responsible for giving this mineral its physical properties. As we have already mentioned, they are always of inorganic origin, so that materials of organic origin are called mineraloids, such as pearl and amber.

Depending on their composition, minerals can be classified into metallic and non-metallic:

Don't stop now ... There's more after the publicity;)

a) Metallic minerals: as the name suggests, they are those composed of metallic chemical elements. They are usually good conductors of electricity. Examples: aluminum, iron, copper, etc.

b) Non-metallic minerals: those that are not composed of metallic chemical elements, such as diamond, limestone and sand.

The study of minerals is complex. The observation of its characteristics obeys some different criteria, namely:

1) Crystallization: corresponds to the three-dimensional geometric shape of the mineral.

2) Color: corresponds to the mineral's external color, with the wavelengths absorbed by its chemical composition.

3) Transparency: the ability of minerals to absorb or not absorb light, which can be divided into translucent and opaque.

4) Brightness: amount of light reflected by the mineral.

5) Hardness: it is the mineral's ability to scratch and not be scratched.

6) Trace: the color of the mineral powder.

7) Fracture: it is the irregular surface of the mineral resulting from its breaking.

8) Density: it is the number of times a mineral is heavier than an equal volume of water.

9) Cleavage: level of rupture of minerals on a flat or regular surface.

10) Electromagnetic properties: the ability of minerals to conduct or not conduct electric current and their ability to relate to magnetism, among some other properties of similar level.

WHAT ARE MINERAL SALTS FOR?

Mineral salts are part of the necessary inorganic substances that the human body needs to function properly. Like water, they are generally simpler molecules, but they perform very important functions.

They can be dissolved or not, and found from skeletal structures, to the form of ions needed for metabolism. Living beings cannot produce mineral salts internally, unlike organic nutrients, which can be synthesized from other substances. Therefore, it is necessary that they obtain these inorganic nutrients externally, through ingestion already in the necessary organization.

In the case of the human body, for example, they assist in the formation of bones, teeth, assist in the transmission of electrical commands, in coagulation and in balancing the fluid transition between cells and the rest of the body. When mineral salts are lacking in the body, it is possible that this deficit will even lead to death.

Learn more about mineral salts, their importance in the human body, and what are the main salts we use in our bodies:

What are the main functions of mineral salts?

Among the various functions of mineral salts in the human body, the following stand out:

• Important substances in the formation and repair of bones in the body - especially those related to calcium;

• Regulation of the performance of enzymes, through their presence in the body;

• Central role in balancing osmosis processes;

• Participate in the formation of some molecules mostly organic;

It is important to note that the human body is not able to produce its own mineral salts. Unlike some organic nutrients, which end up being converted to calories through different processes, salts cannot simply be replaced. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the diet always includes an adequate amount of substances.

Main mineral salts used by the body

Among the various mineral salts used, some of them stand out for their central functions in the body:

Calcium

Calcium is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body. It lodges especially in bone and tooth structures. In addition to actively participating in bone formation, it is an essential part of cell permeability control mechanisms.

Calcium is also important in the muscle, hormonal and blood spheres, releasing hormones and participating in blood clotting.

Iron

Iron is another essential mineral for the body to function. More specifically, it assists in the formation of hemoglobins - necessary for the transport of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. It is also directly related to oxygen within the muscle, storing the substance in the cells.

Fluorine

Best known for its orthodontic use, fluoride helps in dental and bone health, in addition to participating in the construction of tissues and cells

Phosphor

Phosphorus has two main functions in the human body. One is the participation of the substance in skeletal formation, along with calcium. The other is its energy importance, being part of the TA composition P, energy molecule that all the cells in our body use to do their activities.

Iodine

Iodine is essential in the cardiovascular, skeletal, urinary and respiratory systems. In addition, it is central to the composition of the thyroid, one of the most important in human metabolism. Furthermore, it is essential in the growth process not only of humans, but of several organisms.

Magnesium

Magnesium is a slightly less common mineral salt in nature, but it is absolutely important, especially in the process of duplicating nucleic acids. In addition, it helps in the transmission of nerve impulses, electron exchanges and synthesis of certain nutrients in the body.

Potassium

Potassium, like sodium, acts directly on nerve impulses. It is also important for the regulation of metabolism, from issues related to water, to the regulation of blood pressure and production of certain nutrients in the body.

Sodium

Sodium is a fundamental part of the electrical impulses of nerve cells. It is also involved in the process of regulating water and pressure in the body

PROTEINS

Proteins are the most abundant organic macromolecules in cells, essential for cell structure and function. They are found in all cell types and in viruses.

They are formed by amino acids linked together and joined by peptide bonds.

Amino Acids

Amino acids are organic molecules that have at least one amine group - NH2 and a carboxyl group - COOH in their structure.

General structure of the amino acid

Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. A peptide bond is the union of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid with the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid.

They are the fundamental units of proteins. All proteins are formed from the sequential link of 20 amino acids. Some special amino acids may be present in some types of proteins.

Protein Composition

Extremely high molecular weight, proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, and practically all of them have sulfur. Elements such as iron, zinc and copper may also be present.

All proteins are formed by a set of 20 amino acids, arranged in different specific sequences.

Types of Proteins

Depending on their function in the body, proteins are classified into two major groups:

• Dynamic Proteins: This type of protein performs functions such as defense of the organism, transport of substances, catalysis of reactions, control of metabolism;

• Structural Proteins: As its name implies, its main function is the structuring of cells and tissues in the human body. Collagen and elastin are examples of this type of protein.

Protein Classification

Proteins can be classified in the following ways:

Composition

• Simple Proteins: Release only amino acids during hydrolysis;

• Conjugated Proteins: By hydrolysis, they release amino acids and a non-peptide radical, called a prosthetic group.

Regarding the Number of Polypeptide Chains

• Monomeric Proteins: Formed only by a polypeptide chain;

• Oligomeric proteins: Of more complex structure and function, they are formed by more than one polypeptide chain.

As to Form

• Fibrous Proteins: Most fibrous proteins are insoluble in aqueous media and have very high molecular weights. They are usually formed by long molecules of almost rectilinear shape and parallel to the fiber axis. This group includes structural proteins such as collagen from connective tissue, hair keratin, muscle myosin, among others;

• Globular proteins: They have a more complex spatial structure and are spherical. They are usually soluble in an aqueous medium. Examples of globular proteins are active proteins, such as enzymes, and carriers, such as hemoglobin.

Learn more, read also:

• Structure of Proteins

• Polymers

• Biomolecules

Protein Function

The main functions of proteins are:

• Energy supply;

• Cell structuring;

• Catalyst of biological functions, in the form of enzymes;

• Regulation of metabolic processes;

• Storage of substances;

• Transport of substances;

• Construction and repair of tissues and muscles;

• Defense of the organism, in the form of antibodies;

• Production of hormones and neurotransmitters.

Protein-rich foods

Protein-rich foods are those of animal origin and the least amount of vegetable origin:

• Food of animal origin: Meat in general, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products;

• Foods of vegetable origin: Beans, lentils, soybeans, quinoa, wheat, peas.

What are proteins for? Understand its importance in our food

Protein-rich foods have several benefits for the body, including improving brain health

You’re certainly tired of or come around that protein is one of the essential nutrients for the proper functioning of the body. But do you know exactly why it is so important? To begin to understand, it is worth mentioning that athletes who want to gain lean mass and increase muscle definition do not bet on a diet rich in this substance by chance: proteins are formed by amino acids that contribute precisely to the growth of tissues. In addition, they also restore the energy that was lost, help the defense of the organism, transport substances through the body and act on the nervous system. Take a look at the article to find out more details!

Protein is an indispensable substance in athletes' diets

Anyone who is an athlete or practices physical activities daily needs to be very attentive when choosing which type of food to follow so that the body has the necessary disposition to perform the exercises and enhance the results of the training. Among the most suitable foods are those that are rich in proteins precisely because they give more energy and contribute to the increase of lean mass and definition of muscles - both that protein supplements, such as the one that uses whey protein, are allies of the diet who wants quicker results.

This mass gain is related to the fact that proteins appear as building nutrients, which act directly in the formation and growth of tissues.

Substance has a regulatory function - and an example is insulin

Another important advantage of proteins is that they help to regulate some metabolism functions. A good example of this is insulin - which, although many people don't know, is a protein hormone. Much mentioned when it comes to diabetes, it is responsible for controlling the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood, and its deficiency can cause serious problems for those who suffer from the disease.

To increase insulin production and decrease resistance to the substance, the tip is to bet on foods that can be true allies in this function - such as cinnamon, flaxseed and green leafy vegetables, for example.

Can help strengthen nails and hair

Did you know that proteins can also bring benefits to the aesthetic part by strengthening nails and hair? But in order to really take advantage of this advantage, it is necessary to follow a diet that is rich in this substance - since, when absorbed through a food, it breaks down into small amino acids that will meet the main needs of the body before acting on secondary parts.

Protein gives feeling of satiety and speeds up metabolism

When it comes to increasing the feeling of satiety, foods rich in fiber are the most remembered - but proteins can also contribute to this function! This is because the substance is digested slowly, which makes the body feel satisfied faster and does not need to nip between one meal and another. In addition, it still has the fact that it helps to speed up metabolism - which is great for those who want to lose weight, especially.

Increased immunity is also among the benefits

In order for the body to be free of diseases, it needs protection against the action of harmful agents. Antibodies - this is actually defense proteins that increase immunity and prevent foreign bodies from causing any complication in the body are the ones who perform this function.

That is why anyone who has the flu, cold or any other health problem that affects the immune system should bet on a diet rich in protein to take advantage of all the benefits of the protective function that is part of this substance.

Protein-rich diet is also reflected in brain health

Our brain needs a specific amount of amino acids - that is, proteins - for it to function well, with its cognitive functions properly activated. So, this is yet another reason to increase the absorption of this nutrient through the consumption of certain foods - such as meat, cheese, egg, tofu and beans, for example.

The result is a healthier nervous system, with much more concentration, focus and better motor coordination.

WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES?

Click here and get to know carbohydrates, important substances that serve as an energy source for all living beings.

With the exception of honey, carbohydrates are found only in vegetables

Carbohydrates can also be called carbohydrates or sugars, and they are the main source of energy for living beings, being present in several types of food. With the exception of honey, all carbohydrates are of vegetable origin, such as cereals (rice, wheat, oats, etc.), roots and tubers (potatoes, cassava, carrots, beets, etc.), legumes (beans, peas, soybeans) etc.), fruits (banana, mango, apple etc.) among many others.

In addition to serving as an energy source, carbohydrates also have a structural function, as they participate the formation of some structures of living beings, such as cellulose and chitin. In addition, carbohydrates participate in the structure of both DNA and RNA.

Carbohydrates are the main energy source of living beings

Carbohydrates can be classified into three groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Monosaccharides are very simple sugars, and their main representatives are glucose (made by vegetables during photosynthesis), fructose (found in honey) and galactose (present in milk). Monosaccharides are soluble in water.

Disaccharides are formed by the union of two monosaccharides, and their best known representatives are sucrose and lactose. Disaccharides are soluble in water.

Sucrose: formed by a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule. Sucrose is the sugar we consume at home, which we use in our coffee, juices, sweets etc. This carbohydrate can be found mainly in sugar cane and beets.

Lactose: formed by a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule. It is the sugar found in milk, and it is the main source of energy for the baby during breastfeeding.

Polysaccharides are formed by the union of hundreds, and even thousands, of monosaccharides and are not soluble in water. The best known examples of polysaccharides are:

• Starch: main source of energy in our food. Plants use starch as an energy reserve, which is why we can find it inside stems, but mainly in roots, tubers and seeds.

• Cellulose: cellulose is the main component of the cell wall of vegetables.

• Chitin: main constituent of the exoskeleton (external skeleton) of arthropods, such as insects, arachnids, crustaceans, etc.

The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy

As we have seen, carbohydrates are essential for living beings, because in addition to serving as a source of energy, they are also part of the constitution of several important structures. It is for this reason that we must maintain a balanced diet, as this way we can obtain all the nutrients necessary for the proper functioning of our body.

DISEASES

Information and summaries on various diseases, symptoms, prophylaxis, medications, treatments and forms of contagion.

Diseases and Other Themes

• Allergies - Allergies, their manifestations, antigens, antibodies, immunoglobulin, histamine, lymphocytes, ...

• Diseases caused by fungi - The main diseases caused by fungi in humans, ...

• Amebiasis - Learn about amebiasis, protozoa, causes, diagnosis, symptoms, ...

• Anemia - What is anemia, symptoms, health problems, ...

• Arthritis - Learn about arthritis, its causes, types, process ...

• Arthrosis - Learn more about Arthrosis, its causes, types, photo, ...

• Ascariasis - Find out what this disease is, ways of contamination, ...

• Autism - Learn about autism, mental disorder, cause, treatment, ...

• Renal Calculus - What is renal calculus, kidney stone, causes, ...

• Mumps - What is Mumps, symptoms, causes, disease, transmission, contagion, ...

• Cholera - What is cholera, disease, forms of contamination, symptoms, ...

• Celiac Disease - Learn more about Celiac Disease, cause, symptoms, treatment, ...

• Diseases caused by bacteria - The main diseases caused by bacteria in humans, ...

• Diseases caused by Protozoa - The main diseases caused by protozoa in humans, ...

• Migraine - Find out what this disease is, cause, symptoms, treatment, ...

• Scurvy - What is scurvy, symptoms, lack of vitamin C, ...

• Leptospirosis - Leptospirosis characteristics, symptoms, treatment, prevention, contamination

• Typhoid Fever - Typhoid Fever, bacteria, symptoms, how to avoid, transmission, prevention, information ...

• Filariasis - Filariasis or Elephantiasis, transmission, transmitting mosquito, filarias, characteristics

• Giardiasis - Learn about giardiasis, protozoa, cause, infection, symptoms, ...

• Gigantism - What is gigantism, cause, characteristics, growth hormone

• Hansen's disease - Hansen's disease, bacteria, causes, transmission, symptoms, disease prevention

• Jaundice - Learn about jaundice, causes, types, bile pigments ...

• Hypertension - Learn about Hypertension, causes, triggering factors, symptoms, ...

• Urinary Infection - Urinary Infection, Escherichia coli bacteria, causes, symptoms, prevention, treatment

• Leishmaniasis - Learn about Leishmaniasis, manifestation, types, symptoms, transmission, ...

• Leukemia - Leukemia, a disease that causes abnormal production of blood cells ...

• Alzheimer's disease - Learn more about this disease, symptoms, treatment, information

• Parasitoses - What are human parasitoses, the most common, diseases ...

• Poliomyelitis - Learn more about Poliomyelitis, viruses, childhood paralysis, vaccine, ...

• Cold - What is a cold, symptoms, causes, disease, transmission, contagion, ...

• Rot avirus - Rotavirus - Learn more about diseases caused by rotavirus, rotavirus disease, ...

• Rubella - What is rubella, symptoms, health problems, ...

• Measles - Learn about measles, symptoms, stages of ...

• Scabies - Learn about scabies, skin infection, mites, itching, ...

• Sinusitis - Learn more about this disease, symptoms, treatment, prevention, viral ...

WHAT IS CELL?

WHAT IS BIOLOGY?

The understanding of what a cell is and that all organisms are formed by this structure was essential for the advancement of Biology.

The cell is the smallest living unit of living things

Cells can be defined as the structural and functional units of all living things. These structures are alive, carry the genetic information of a given organism and are able to transmit that information at the time of cell division.

According to Cell Theory, all living organisms are made up of cells. In single-celled individuals, a single cell constitutes the entire body of the specimen; in multicellular beings, several cells acting together are necessary for the body to be formed. Man is an example of a multicellular organism, and bacteria are examples of unicellular beings.

When we look at the cells of different organisms, we can see that they have very different morphological characteristics. In our body, for example, there are more than 100 different types of cells. It is worth noting, however, that, although they are visually distinct, when we analyze in detail their internal organization and their biochemical processes, we can conclude that they are quite similar, even in different organisms.

What are the basic parts of a cell?

A cell is made up of some basic parts. We usually say that all cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. However, there are cells that do not have this last structure, an aspect that is even a way of differentiating two types of cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic cells are those that do not have a defined cell nucleus, so the genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells are those in which the genetic material is present in a cell nucleus surrounded by a double membrane. In addition to this crucial difference, we can also mention that prokaryotic cells do not have proteins called histones bound to their DNA and, neither, membranous cytoplasmic organelles.

Don't stop now ... There's more after the publicity;)

The plasma membrane and cytoplasm, unlike the nucleus, are present in all cell types. The plasma membrane, which is characterized by being a double phospholipid layer, is extremely important for the cell, as it controls the passage of substances both in and out. Because of this property of selecting what enters and leaves the cell, we say that it has selective permeability.

The cytoplasm, in turn, is a region bounded by the plasma membrane. This region consists of a matrix, called cytosol, which contains substances such as amino acids, energy nutrients and ions. Immersed in this matrix are the cell organelles, structures responsible for controlling the various activities of the cell.

What are cellular organelles?

Cellular organelles are structures that function as small organs inside the cell. Each organelle performs a certain function and is essential for the proper functioning of the cell. There are several cell organelles, notably:

• Centriolus

• Chloroplast

• Golgiense complex

• Lysosome

• Mitochondria

• Peroxisome

• Endoplasmic reticulum

• Ribosome

It is clear, therefore, that, although small, cells have a variety of complex biochemical structures and processes that are essential for the maintenance of life. Without the development of these small structures, life would not be possible.

WHAT CELLS ARE FOR

All living things are made up of cells. Some, like the amoeba, are made up of a single cell (single-celled organism), while we have about 60 trillion cells.

So, talking about the function of cells is talking about all the phenomena that characterize life.

What do I mean by that?

Well, think about all the things you need to do to stay alive now. Thought? Also think of things that you are able to do, but that are not fundamental to your survival.

Well, all those things that you thought, are somehow, mediated by cells that make up our body.

For example: We know that we breathe because we need the oxygen that is present in the air. After we inhale this gas, it goes to our lungs and is transported from there to the cells. In cells occurs what we call cellular respiration (you may have heard of it), which is a process that has chemical energy as important for our survival, because it is this energy that gives “strength” to carry out all the activities of our metabolism). We need oxygen precisely because it is part of one of the stages of this energy production process.

As we can see, this process takes place inside our cells. We can then say that one of the many functions of cells is to produce energy, and that this energy is essential for the cell itself to be able to develop its other many functions.

So we can refer to the cell as a structural unit (because it makes up the body of all living organisms) and also as a functional unit (because it is capable of performing all the functions of an organism, such as breathing, growing, reproducing, etc.) .

It is important to have an understanding of the dimension of this subject, also to know that we are formed by many different cells (not all are the same as the drawings we see in books), and that each type of cell has different functions. Blood cells, for example, have a number of functions that epithelial cells, or bone cells, or any other type of cell do not. As well, plant cells are able to perform functions that animal cells do not.

Author: Gabriela Teixeira

HUMAN BODY

The human body consists of different parts, including the skin, muscles, nerves, organs, bones, etc.

Each part of the human body is made up of countless cells that have defined shapes and functions. In addition, there are tissues, organs and systems, which work in an integrated manner.

We can compare our body to a complex and perfect machine with all its parts working in sync.

ANATOMY: THE STUDY OF THE HUMAN BODY

The human body is divided into head, trunk and limbs

Human anatomy is the area of Biology that studies the structures of the human body, including systems, organs and tissues. It also looks at how body structures can be affected by genetics, the environment and time.

The human body is divided into three basic parts: head, trunk and upper and lower limbs.

The anatomical description considers that the body must be in an upright position, standing, with the face facing forward, upper limbs stretched and parallel to the trunk, with the palms facing forward, the lower limbs should be united. This is called the anatomical position.

Levels of Organization of the Human Body

The human body is made up of simple structures like cells, even the most complex like organs.

The level of organization of the human body is as follows: cells, tissues, organs, systems and organism. Each of these structures consists of a hierarchical level until the formation of the entire organism.

Learn more about each of the structures that are part of the organization of the human body:

Cells

Animal cell and its structures

Cells are structures formed by three basic parts: the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.

Each cell in the body can vary in shape (starry, elongated, cylindrical, etc.), size and lifespan. Bone cells, for example, last for several years, while skin cells renew between 35 and 45 days.

Each type of cell develops to play a role in the body. The muscle cell, for example, is able to contract. The red blood cell carries oxygen throughout the body. The nerve cell is capable of receiving and transmitting stimuli.

Fabrics

The human body is formed by several types of tissues

Human life begins with a single cell. From there, it divides and gives rise to two new cells, which also divide and form two more, and so on.

During the formation of the fetus, in the maternal uterus, the cells develop, according to their location and function in the organism. This process is called cell differentiation.

In the human body there are many types of cells, with different shapes and functions. The cells work in groups, they are organized in an integrated way, performing together a specific function.

These cell groups form tissues. The tissues of the human body can be classified into four types:

• Epithelial tissue

• Connective tissue

• Muscle tissue

• Nervous tissue Organs

Main organs of the human body

Tissues, like cells, also group together. The set of tissues that perform a certain function is called an organ. In general, an organ is made up of different types of tissues.

Various organs form the human body, including heart, lung, brain, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidneys, bones, spleen, eyes, etc. Most organs are located in the trunk region.

The skin is the largest organ of the human body.

Systems

Human Body Systems

A set of bodies that act in an integrated manner constitutes a system. The systems of the human body perform specific functions, however, they act in an integrated manner.

The human body is made up of several systems: respiratcirculatory, digestive, cardiovascular or circulatory, muscular, nervous, endocrine, excretory, lymphatic, reproductive and bone.

Each system has its specific function. The respiratory system, for example, is responsible for the absorption of oxygen from the air by the body and the elimination of carbon dioxide removed from cells.

Body

Finally, the set of all functioning systems constitutes the organism that together maintains the individual's survival.

Thus, the organism represents the highest level of organization.

• Parts of the human body

• Human Body Members

• Bones of the Human Body

• Muscles of the Human Body

• Nerves of the Human Body

Curiosities about the Human Body

• The largest bone in the human body is the femur, the thigh bone of the leg. The smallest bone is the stirrup, located in the inner ear.

• An adult's heart beats about 100,000 times a day.

• On average, 2 kg of body weight is represented by bacteria that inhabit our body.

• The kidneys filter approximately 1.3 liters of blood per minute.

• A nervous impulse can reach up to 360 km / h.

• An adult has 206 bones, while the baby has 300.

HUMAN BODY

The human body is able to perform several functions thanks to the complex structures it has.

The human body is a complex machine with several structures that work together.

The human body is a complex structure that allows us to carry out a series of important activities. We can walk, run, remember past events, eat, remove oxygen from the atmosphere, think, among other activities, all thanks to the various cells, tissues, organs and systems that integrate the human body.

Levels of organization of the human body

We know that all animals, including humans, are multicellular, that is, they have more than one cell forming their body. These cells have different shapes and functions and form different tissues, organs and systems. When we consider cells as the first level to be studied, we have the following level of organization:

Let's get to know each of these levels better:

• Cells: these are the functional and structural units of most living things, with the exception of viruses only. In the human body, as we know, several cells are found, as we are multicellular beings. The cells that make up our body have a membrane-bounded nucleus and also membranous organelles, and are therefore eukaryotes.

• Tissues: they are formed by similar cells and that perform the same function. In humans, we observe four basic types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue.

• Organs: they are formed by groups of tissues that work together to perform a certain task. The heart, stomach, lung, kidneys, esophagus, liver and spleen are some examples of organs.

• Systems: they are formed by organs that act together to perform a function. As an example of systems, we can mention the cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, urinary and nervous systems.

To better understand these levels, imagine a muscle tissue cell (myocyte), which is joined to others forming the heart muscle tissue. This tissue forms our heart, an organ that is part of the cardiovascular system. In this case, we have:

Myocyte, cardiac striated muscle tissue, heart, cardiovascular system.

Also read: Is the skin a tissue or an organ?

Human body cells

The human body is made up of trillions of cells, each performing a certain function. See some examples of cells and the function they play in our body.

• Adipocytes: cells that store lipids (fat).

• Schwann cells: responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath of neurons.

• Beta cells: cells in the pancreas that are responsible for the production of insulin, a hormone related to blood glucose levels.

• Sperm: male gametes.

Note that the human body has different cell types.

• Red blood cells, erythrocytes or red blood cells: blood cells that act in the transport of oxygen throughout the body. These are the cells found in the greatest amount in the blood.

• Hepatocytes: liver cells that synthesize proteins and bile, in addition to acting in the detoxification of various substances.

• Leukocytes or white blood cells: blood cells responsible for the defense of the organism. There are several types of leukocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes.

• Myocytes or muscle fibers: cells that make up muscles.

• Neurons: cells of the nervous tissue that guarantee the transmission of nerve impulses.

• Oocyte: female gamete that is also popularly known as an egg.

Human body tissues

In the human body we find four basic types of tissues, which have their subtypes. Follow:

Read also: Pulmonary embolism

• Kidneys: organs of the urinary system where urine is produced.

• Testicle: male-only organs where male gametes and male sex hormones are produced.

• Uterine tubes: part of the female reproductive system where fertilization usually occurs.

• Uterus: part of the female reproductive system where the embryo develops during pregnancy.

Main systems of the human body

The human body has several systems that guarantee, for example, oxygen uptake, the use of nutrients and locomotion.

• Cardiovascular: made up of the heart and blood vessels, it ensures blood circulation through the body and, consequently, the transport of oxygen and nutrients to all cells.

• Digestive: formed by the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines and attached glands, it is responsible for ensuring the breakdown of food, transforming them into smaller particles that can be used.

• Endocrine: it is formed by all the endocrine glands of the organism, which are responsible for the production of hormones, which, in turn, act in the chemical regulation of several activities of the organism.

• Skeletal: made up mainly of bones, it is related to functions such as protection of internal organs, locomotion, support, storage of calcium and production of blood cells.

• Excretory: also known as the urinary system, it is formed by the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra and is responsible for the production and elimination of urine.

• Muscular: it is formed by muscles and is related to the movement of our body and the contraction of organs.

• Nervous: is responsible for ensuring the perception of internal and external stimuli and generating responses to these stimuli. Thanks to this system, we are able to memorize, coordinate, speak, feel, see and learn.

• Breeder: it is the system responsible for our breeding. The female reproductive system ensures the formation of female gametes and the baby's pregnancy. The male reproductive system is responsible for the production and transfer of the male gamete to the woman.

• Respiratory: formed by the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli, it is responsible for guaranteeing gas exchange.

• Integumentary: it is formed by the skin, hair, nails and glands and acts in several functions, such as barrier against water loss and entry of microorganisms, as well as regulation of body temperature.

THE INTERNAL ORGANS OF THE HUMAN BODY

The human body is like the machine. It is a unique design, as it consists of several biological systems, which are regulated by internal organs.

Read on for detailed information on the internal organs of the human body. The human body can be divided into head, trunk, hands and legs.

Head and trunk play an important role in protecting some crucial internal organs in the human body. They consist of many tissues, cells and connective tissues, which help in the regulation of various biological systems.

Some of the main organ systems are the skeletal systems, circulatory system, nervous system, digestive system, immune system, respiratory system, urinary system, reproductive system, lymphatic system, and the endocrine system, etc., which are overlapping and interdependent.

LIST OF INTERNAL ORGANS OF THE HUMAN BODY

Human beings and other complex multicellular organisms have organ systems that work together, carrying out processes that keep us alive.

The body has levels of organization that accumulate. Cells form tissues, tissues form organs and organs make up organ systems.

The function of an organic system depends on the integrated activity of its organs. For example, the organs of the digestive system cooperate to process food.

The organism's survival depends on the integrated activity of all organ systems. Often coordinated by the endocrine and nervous systems.

Brain:

The human brain is protected by the skull, keeping it very safe, as it is the center of the nervous system. The structure of the human brain can be compared to other mammals, but it is three times larger and more advanced than other mammals.

It houses our cherished memories, plans for the future, and keeps us alert in the present. The brain helps the body to activate muscles and secrete chemicals that allow it to respond to external stimuli. None of the other animals has the ability to think and weigh things logically.

But, the human brain performs some executive functions, such as: Self-control, planning, reasoning and abstract thinking, which makes human beings the most intelligent species in the whole world.

The human body performs incredible feats every day. From sending signals that spread through the brain at high speed to distribute oxygen in more than 1,000 kilometers to 1,600 kilometers of airways.

HEART:

The main function of the heart is to supply oxygenated blood to all organs in the body through blood vessels by rhythmic contractions. Also known as heartbeat.

The heart is made up of involuntary cardiac muscles, which is why the heart keeps beating even when we are sleeping. The heart weighs 250 to 350 grams and is almost the size of the fist.

It is located on the left side of the chest and is protected by the rib cage. The pericardium, a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart. Not only does it protect the heart, but it stays around the anchors structure and prevents the heart from overfilling with blood.

LUNGS:

The human body consists of two lungs and carry the functions of the respiratory system. Lungs work very closely with the heart.

Lungs supply pure oxygen in the atmosphere to the blood which is in turn distributed by the heart to several organs. The lungs also remove carbon dioxide and other impurities from the blood in the veins.

The heart is almost flanked by the lungs, so it also acts as a soft, absorbent shock to the heart and also maintains the blood pH level.

STOMACH:

It is the key player in the digestive system. Stomach is a pear-shaped organ located in the abdominal cavity between the esophagus and the intestines. The stomach can change its shape and size, depending on the position of the body and the amount of food inside. Since it is muscular and elastic in nature.

Stomach is the large organ and its multi chambers, host the bacteria that produce special enzymes necessary for digestion. It is full of gastric acid, hydrochloric acid and maintains the pH level, which helps in the digestion of edible foods. It is one of the important internal organs of the human body.

INTESTINE:

Intestine is the digestive tract located between the stomach and the anus. It can be divided into large and short intestine. The small intestine is narrow and measures 6-7 meters in length, while the large intestine is only 1.5 meters in length, but it is large in diameter.

The vast part of digestion occurs in the small intestine, where most of the essential nutrients are absorbed. The function of the large intestine in digestion is fundamental, as it absorbs water and is responsible for the excretion of waste.

The intestinal musculature performs rhythmic contractions called peristalsis to move undigested food. Then it absorbs it as food throughout the intestinal tract.

LIVER:

It is located on the right side of the abdominal cavity. Some of the important functions of the liver include filtering harmful substances from the blood. Maintain cholesterol and blood glucose level, secretion of certain amino acids. Store vitamins and minerals, secreting chemicals that break down fats, and converting glucose to glycogen, etc.

In addition to these, there are several internal organs of the human body, such as kidneys, bladder, pancreas, thymus, eyes, pituitary gland. Hypothalamus, spleen, appendix, adrenals, etc., including the different reproductive organs of men and women.

Study of Organs internal organs of the body, which is a part of human anatomy, is essential for any health discipline. Dysfunction of Organs internal organs can be fatal and therefore it is important to understand their functions.

This will help you to understand the Human Body well to keep it fit and healthy.

BODYBUILDING, A COMPLEMENTARY SPORT

One of the advantages of weight training is that it can be practiced as a complement to many other sports. In fact, it is a discipline that is perfectly associated with several branches, thus allowing you to improve your performance in what concerns you. These are notably combat and resistance sports, which combine well with the practice of weight training. The latter has a not inconsiderable asset and guarantees a useful complement.

Bodybuilding and combat sports

For a long time, we believed that bodybuilding and combat sports were incompatible. Certain people imagined that working with loads lost speed and dexterity, qualities that are indispensable to combat sports. However, many athletes today find that weight training improves their strength and strength to the muscles useful for their respective practice.

Associating bodybuilding and combat sports then allows:

• acquire power (strength and speed)

• guarantee a better stability, indispensable for this type of sport

• prevent injuries by strengthening muscles and joints

• relax your muscles during rest periods

• increase muscle mass whose aesthetic aspect is not negligible ...

If you want to associate combat and bodybuilding sport, do not forget your goal, that is, make bodybuilding compatible with the improvement of sporting qualities and remain in permanent contact with your favorite sport. You can alternate between strength and power training, in addition to regularly practicing training circuits that make resistance work (starting your session with a run of about ten minutes, for example).

Do not carry very heavy weights and vary the training program. In this way, with 2 or 3 sessions per week, you will eliminate physical and psychological saturation, develop different skills and diversify your practice.

Bodybuilding and endurance sports:

Bodybuilding is also an excellent ally for practitioners of endurance sports. It brings strength and solidity, with the condition of achieving a fair balance between the two disciplines. In fact, it is necessary to avoid mixing and practicing them separately. Likewise, bodybuilders have to practice regular cardio sessions, as only bodybuilding is harmful to resistance. Contrary to the ideas made, cardio training is not harmful to muscle mass.

In general, weight training improves the performance of endurance athletes, whether cyclists or runners. It does not cause a mass input in the run, but it improves the anaerobic capacity, the effectiveness of the step and performance. In cycling, weight training brings strength in the legs, more performance in the sprint and increases the maximum effort time. It is also an excellent way to fight nervous fatigue.

Bodybuilding Benefits - Know the Top 10

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3. Benefits of bodybuilding - Meet the top 10

Bodybuilding Benefits - # 1

Muscle toning: the practice of bodybuilding tones the muscles and helps in the loss of calories. Training with the use of weight, further improves this muscular endurance.

Bodybuilding Benefits - # 2

Helps in preventing osteoporosis: the person who practices weight training is less likely to develop a disease called osteoporosis, as it helps in strengthening the bones of the human body.

Bodybuilding Benefits - # 3

Increased strength: strength training makes you stronger, helping you resist daily work and possible times that require you to use force.

Bodybuilding Benefits - # 4

Strengthens the spine region: helps prevent spinal problems, in addition to strengthening the lower back, reducing local pain.

Bodybuilding Benefits - # 5

It decreases the chances of a diabetes: the practice of physical exercises is a great ally to the prevention of diseases like diabetes. Weight training is one of the beneficial practices, which can help prevent the onset of the disease and for those who already have diabetes, it can help in the treatment and balance of the blood glucose rate.

Bodybuilding Benefits - # 6

Improves the immune system: as well as the practice of other exercises, weight training also helps in the functioning of the immune system.

Bodybuilding Benefits - # 7

It benefits the digestive system: people who suffer from constipation may notice an improvement in intestinal functioning in the first days of weight training, as it helps in the proper functioning of the digestive system.

Bodybuilding Benefits - # 8

Increases balance: weight training practiced regularly helps to improve the balance and motor coordination of the practitioner.

Bodybuilding Benefits - # 9

Help during pregnancy: pregnant women who practice weight training have a better postpartum recovery, lower incidence of cramps during pregnancy, less chance of developing varicose veins and even reduce weight gain.

Bodybuilding Benefits - # 10

Improves mood: weight training improves mood, self-esteem and social interactions.

Now that you know the main benefits then it's time to get your hands dirty!

Let's do that workout and take good care of your health

And to enjoy the trip, how about knowing which are the best sources of protein for gaining muscle mass?

ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES: HEALTH FOR BODY AND MIND

Caring for your body and mind is essential to have quality of life. One of people's concerns is to lose weight, and the way in which it is followed to achieve this goal can often bring harm to health. The search for healthy weight loss is becoming more and more, and one of the alternative practices, that is, alternative medicine, which mainly takes care of the mind, whenal is a great ally during the weight loss process.

What are alternative therapies for weight loss

Alternative therapies work with the mind, reducing stress and tiredness. This type of therapy uses alternative techniques, which aim to reduce anxiety, without any type of short or long term symptoms, where other means of weight loss cause symptoms, such as the use of weight loss drugs. Anxiety is one of the causes for weight gain, and as alternative therapies work to reduce it, it facilitates during the weight loss process.

Types of alternative therapies

The practice of alternative therapies has gained a large number of followers. Currently there is a very wide range of alternative therapies, which are used to relieve stress. Here are some alternative therapies:

Acupuncture and acupressure: acupuncture is an alternative therapy that uses needles in points of the body, in order to relieve tension, this technique is widely used in Chinese therapy. For the weight loss process, the needles are placed in points related to digestion. Acupressure uses the same techniques as acupuncture, but it is done with the aid of the hands, where pressure is used at specific points.

Hypnotherapy: Hypnosis is used, where the psychologist tries to discover the problem and then starts to work on that fact to correct it. In the case of weight loss, it is used to detect the blocking barriers that hinder the weight loss process, but it must be combined with the self-knowledge process.

Aromatherapy: this therapy uses essential oils from plants, in which they activate the areas of the brain responsible for emotions, mainly reducing anxiety. These oils can be used in massages, during the bath or even inhaled, so that the effects of essential oils are effective, they must be pure.

Yoga: yoga is one of the most well-known and also widely used alternative techniques. This technique involves meditation, which guarantees physical conditioning and is associated with mental well-being. The therapy provides readjustment in posture, quality in breathing, in addition to improving the quality of sleep and concentration, reducing stress.

Alternative therapies really lose weight?

The practice of alternative therapies alone does not favor weight loss. However, when combined with regular physical exercise and a balanced diet, weight loss becomes healthier.

Minerals

Minerals are inorganic chemical compounds that, when grouped, give rise to different types of rocks.

Posted by: Rodolfo F. Alves Pena in Physical Geography

Set of different minerals for economic use

Currently, more than four thousand minerals are cataloged and, as geological studies advance, more and more minerals are being discovered, some of them of extraterrestrial origin. In January 2014, for example, a group of researchers discovered a new mineral present in a meteorite that had been collected in Antarctica in the 1960s. The name of the mineral is Wassonite and was only produced on Earth in laboratory research.

Atoms, in general, have a crystallized structure with an established chemical chain, responsible for giving this mineral its physical properties. As we have already mentioned, they are always of inorganic origin, so that materials of organic origin are called mineraloids, such as pearl and amber.

Depending on their composition, minerals can be classified into metallic and non-metallic:

a) Metallic minerals: as the name suggests, they are those composed of metallic chemical elements. They are usually good conductors of electricity. Examples: aluminum, iron, copper, etc.

b) Non-metallic minerals: those that are not composed of metallic chemical elements, such as diamond, limestone and sand.

The study of minerals is complex. The observation of its characteristics obeys some different criteria, namely:

1) Crystallization: corresponds to the three-dimensional geometric shape of the mineral.

2) Color: corresponds to the mineral's external color, with the wavelengths absorbed by its chemical composition.

3) Transparency: the ability of minerals to absorb or not absorb light, which can be divided into translucent and opaque.

4) Brightness: amount of light reflected by the mineral.

5) Hardness: it is the mineral's ability to scratch and not be scratched.

6) Trace: the color of the mineral powder.

7) Fracture: it is the irregular surface of the mineral resulting from its breaking.

8) Density: it is the number of times a mineral is heavier than an equal volume of water.

9) Cleavage: level of breakdown of minerals on the surfaceflat or regular.

10) Electromagnetic properties: the ability of minerals to conduct or not conduct electric current and their ability to relate to magnetism, among some other properties of similar level.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM

The Vegetal Kingdom, or Plantae Kingdom, is characterized by autotrophic organisms (produce their own food) and chlorophylls.

Through sunlight, they carry out the process of photosynthesis and, for this reason, they are called photosynthetic beings.

Remember that photosynthesis is the process by which plants absorb solar energy to produce their own energy. This occurs through the action of chlorophyll (a pigment associated with the green color of plants) existing in its chloroplasts.

Plants form the base of the food chain. They produce organic matter and feed heterotrophs, that is, they represent the group responsible for the nutrition of several consuming organisms.

This indicates that without the existence of these autotrophs, life on earth would be impossible.

General Characteristics of the Plant Kingdom

• Eukaryotes (organized nucleus)

• Autotrophs (produce their own food)

• Photosynthesizers (production of photosynthesis)

• Pluricellular (multicellular)

• Cells formed by vacuoles, chloroplasts and cellulose

Know more:

• Chlorophyll

• Plant hormones

• Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Beings

Plant Structure

Main structure of an angiosperm plant

With regard to its structure, basically plants are formed by the root (fixation and feeding), stem (support and transport of nutrients), leaves (photosynthesis), flowers (reproduction) and fruits (protection of seeds).

Plant Kingdom Classification

The Vegetal Kingdom is composed of vascular plants (pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms) that have sap conducting vessels, and avascular plants (bryophytes), devoid of these vessels.

Bryophytes

Bryophytes are small plants that do not receive direct sunlight, since they inhabit humid places, for example, mosses.

The reproduction of this group occurs through the process of metagenesis, that is, it has a sexual phase, producing gametes, and another asexual, producing spores.

In addition, they do not have sap conducting vessels, which makes them distinct from other plant groups. Thus, the transport of nutrients occurs through a slow process of diffusion of cells

Pteridophytes

Deer antler

Pteridophytes have more variety than bryophytes. They are plants that, for the most part, are terrestrial and inhabit places with great humidity. Some examples of this group: ferns, scallops and xaxins.

They have conductive vessels of sap, root, stem and leaves and, just like the bryophytes, the reproduction of these vegetables occurs through a sexual and a sexless phase.

When the stem of the pteridophytes is underground, it is called a rhizome. Epiphytes, on the other hand, are plants that rest on other plants, however, without causing damage to them, such as ferns and deer antlers.

Gymnosperms

Araucaria

The group of gymnosperms is composed of a wide variety of trees and shrubs of different sizes.

They are vascular plants (presence of sap-conducting vessels), which have roots, stems, leaves and seeds. Some examples of gymnosperms: redwoods, pines, araucaria, among others.

The reproduction of gymnosperms is sexual. Fertilization occurs in female organs through pollen, which is produced by male organs and transported with the help of nature through wind, rain, insects and birds.

What differentiates them from the Angiosperms group are mainly their seeds, since they present the so-called naked seeds, that is, not involved by the ovary.

Angiosperms

Angiosperms are vascular plants, that is, they have conductive vessels. They inhabit different environments and represent a very varied group, composed of small and large vegetables.

Angiosperms characterize the largest group in the plant kingdom, with approximately 200 thousand species.

They are distinct from gymnosperms in that their seeds are kept inside the fruit. Its reproduction is sexual and fertilization occurs with the presence of male pollen.

Curiosities

The Vegetal Kingdom is composed of approximately 400 thousand known species, being, therefore, one of the largest groups of living beings.

Because they are self-sufficient organisms (autotrophs), plants were the first living beings on planet Earth.

Carnivorous plants

Carnivorous or insectivorous plants are a curious case of the Vegetal Kingdom, as they have a peculiar characteristic that has attracted the attention of many scientists.

They also perform photosynthesis, however, because they inhabit soils poor in nutrients, they seek nutritional complementation through the digestion of some small animals. For this, they usually capture small insects or, in some rarer cases, frogs, mice, small mammals and birds.

Parasitic Plants

They are known as parasi plants other vegetables because they need their sap for their nutrition. They search other photosynthetic organisms for the energy necessary to survive, since they do not produce enough.

There are approximately 300 species with these characteristics, some of which are: bird grass, phantom plant, mistletoe, golden vine, among others

MINERAL KINGDOM

The mineral kingdom, different from the animal and vegetable kingdoms, is formed by everything that has no life, for example, water, soil, gases, ores, rocks. The origin of the minerals is characterized by the cooling of the magma, precipitation of salts or the rearrangement of ions (metamorphism).

Characteristics of the Mineral Kingdom

• Inorganic beings

• Absence of life

• Geometric order

• Durability, transparency, color, shine (rocks and ores)

• Solids and Crystalline (rocks and ores)

• Deprived of intelligence and extinct

Minerals

Minerals are solid, natural, inorganic substances that have an internal arrangement (crystallization) characterized by determined physical and chemical properties that over the years have been formed by the intervention of nature among temperature, heat, pressure, etc. In other words, minerals are chemical compounds formed by crystalline solids, divided into: metallic and non-metallic minerals.

1. Metallic minerals: these minerals have in their composition elements with physical-chemical characteristics of metals, for example, iron, copper, aluminum, among others.

2. Non-metallic minerals: This group is composed of ores that do not contain metal properties in their composition, for example, sand, diamond, limestone, among others.

Fossil Organic Materials

Called fossil energy resources, these ores are composed of elements of organic origin, for example, oil, natural gas, mineral oils, coals, resins, asphalt and bitumen.

Examples of Minerals

• Graphite

• Crystal

• Diamond

• Gold

• Silver

• Copper

• Quartz

• Feldspar

• Mica

• Tourmaline

Rocks

The natural and multigranular aggregate rocks constituted by two or more minerals and, according to their formation, the types of rock are:

1. Sedimentary Rocks: formed by the sedimentation of particles and organic matter, for example, sandstone.

2. Magmatic rocks (igneous): formed by magma, for example, granite.

3. Metamorphic Rocks: undergo changes in its structure, for example, marble.

Rock Examples

• Granite

• Sandstone

• Marble

• Basalt

• Milonite

• Rhyolite

• Coquinas

• Migmatites

Curiosities

• The science that studies minerals is called mineralogy.

• The study of crystals is called crystallography.

• Most minerals are formed by two or more elements, however there are minerals made up of a chemical element such as gold (Au) and diamond (C).

• The term “ore” is used to indicate that a rock or mineral is of economic importance, for example, bauxite, hematite, tourmaline and quartz.

• Water is considered a mineraloid, with characteristics similar to those of minerals.

• Mercury is the only liquid mineral

THE CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS

GEOGRAPHY

Minerals are classified as follows: metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals.

Minerals are natural resources found underground and of great value for industrial production as they serve as raw materials for making consumer goods, such as household utensils, electrical wires, jewelry, building materials, as well as serving as an energy source.

Cities are composed of built buildings, to conceive them it is necessary to extract a series of minerals from nature, in addition to by-products, such as bricks (clay), cement (limestone), hydraulic material (oil), sand and many others.

In the industrial sector, from the machines used in production to the built product, they are extracted from mineral resources that are not equal in terms of physical and chemical composition, thus they are classified into two groups: metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals, including energy resources fossils.

• Metallic minerals: containing in its composition physical and chemical elements of metal, which allow a reasonable conduction of heat and electricity. Examples: Iron, aluminum and copper.

• Non-metallic minerals: ores that do not contain metal properties in their composition. Examples: diamond, limestone and sand, among others.

• Fossil energy resources: ores that contain elements of organic origin in their composition. Examples: oil, natural gas and coal.

Kingdom Plantae

BIOLOGY

Plants belong to the Plantae Kingdom and are very important for the maintenance of life on Earth, as all living beings depend on them to survive.

The kingdoms of Plantae are multicellular, with eukaryotic cells. They are self-sufficient, that is, they produce their own food through photosynthesis, so they are called autotrophs. All plant cells have cells and in its cell wall, vacuoles and chloroplasts inside.

Vegetables were the first colonizers on planet Earth. Thanks to their food self-sufficiency, they managed to conquer the environment. It is through plants that life on the planet is maintained.

Vegetables are classified according to the presence or absence of flowers. Plants that have no flowers and whose reproductive structure is barely visible are called cryptogams; and plants that have flowers and whose reproductive structure is very visible, we call phanerogams.

Plants, in terms of the presence or absence of conductive vessels, are classified into vascular and vascular plants.

Mind Map: Reino Plantae

* To download the mind map in PDF, click here!

Avascular plants are devoid of conductive vessels of sap. The phyla that have avascular vegetables are:

Vascular plants, also called tracheophytes, have sap-conducting vessels. Among vascular vegetables there are those that have seeds and those that do not have seeds.

Phyla that have vascular vegetables, which have no seeds, are:

The plant phyla that have vascular plants with seeds are Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

1. Gymnosperms: vegetables that do not have flowers, cryptogams or fruits.

2. Angiosperms: vegetables with flowers and fruits.

• Phylum Magnoliophyta or Anthophyta (trees, grasses, etc.).

Find out what minerals really are for ...

Among the nutrients needed for health, as well as proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins, there is a group of elements called minerals.

Minerals, as well as vitamins, cannot be synthesized by the body and, therefore, must be obtained through food. They do not provide calories, but are found in the body performing various functions.

Minerals have essential roles, as structural constituents of body tissues, for example, calcium and phosphorus that form bones and teeth; as organic regulators that control nerve impulses, muscle activity and the body's acid-base balance.

In addition, many minerals are involved in the body's growth and development process. As components of food, minerals participate in flavor, activate or inhibit enzymes and other reactions that influence the texture of food.

Theoretically, all foods should contain mineral salts, but industrialization and other modern methods of food production can eliminate them.

Minerals are also important in sports, because during physical exercise the loss of water by sweat is always accompanied by the loss of electrolytes, salts, especially sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Thus, the lack of these can lead to the appearance of muscle cramps.

CHOOSE TO LIVE BETTER AND MORE HEALTH

You don't have to be radical and give up the things you like to do and eat to be healthy. We should only adapt the routine, incorporating important habits, such as doing regular physical activity and eating with balance and discretion. After all, who can do more for your health than yourself?

KNOW WHAT VEGETABLE ENZYMES AND THEIR BENEFITS ARE

Enzymes are organic substances with the function of catalyzing other chemical reactions and perfecting the production of other compounds essential for our health. Those of vegetable origin are extracted directly from fruits, vegetables, legumes and roots and can be found in ready-made liquid extracts with the following ingredients: watermelon, chayote, melon, papaya, pineapple, avocado, carrot, spinach, pear, cabbage, tomato, apple, banana, cucumber, guava, ginger, bean sprouts, celery, watercress and sucrose.

The enzyme extraction process is carried out through the natural fermentation of all ingredients without the addition of any chemical components during the process, so it is completely natural. With all these ingredients, the liquid extract becomes rich in vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and proteins, without any addition of chemical components.

Some of the extracted enzymes are:

• Papain - for the treatment of ulcers, improves healing, anti-inflammatory and improves varicose.

• Bromelain - anti-inflammatory, increased immunity, accelerates healing, improves digestion, improves circulation and the cardiovascular system.

• Co-enzyme Q10 and betaine - improving muscle strength, improving the cardiovascular system, reducing the effects of stress and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Enzymes also help fight the following diseases:

• Asthma.

• Rheumatism.

• Bronchitis.

• Skin diseases such as blemishes and pimples.

• Loss of hair.

• Diseases of the liver and kidneys.

• Imbalance of the nervous system.

• High pressure.

There is only a contraindication to the use of enzymes for diabetics and for people who have an allergy to any compound of the ingredients.

Intake of two tablespoons is indicated mixed with water, juices and other drinks. Three times a day: in the morning on an empty stomach and half an hour before meals (lunch and dinner).

You can find the liquid concentrate of vegetable enzymes in 500ml or 250ml in the Relva Verde Natural Products Stores in Londrina and in our virtual store with delivery throughout Brazil.

6 NATURAL REMEDIES AGAINST AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

When our own body attacks us, it is necessary to look for alternatives so as not to lose the quality of life. We talk about autoimmune diseases.

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Below, we offer six natural remedies against autoimmune diseases that will help you improve your quality of life and increase your well-being.

Autoimmune diseases occur as a result of an error in the immune system. They attack the body's own cells. When this problem arises, there is usually an exaggerated response against the substances and tissues themselves. In other words, the body defends itself.

Common symptoms

• Fatigue

• Fever

• Redness

• Swelling

• Chronic inflammation

• Muscle and joint pain

• Excessive heat, for no apparent reason

Six natural remedies against autoimmune diseases

Although autoimmune diseases are very diverse, there are some remedies that will be very useful in improving patients' quality of life. Among the most common and effective are those that we will discuss below.

1. Have tea

Green tea and black tea contain beneficial compounds such as flavonoids, catechins and teaflavins. These are excellent for combating and reducing the effects of autoimmune diseases.

As teas can bring a new flavor to the palate, it is advisable to incorporate them gradually. Otherwise, you may find that their taste is unpleasant and will stop taking them in a short time.

A good option to create the habit of drinking tea is to accompany it with fruits, such as citrus or wild fruits.

2. Eat more apples

Another natural remedy for autoimmune diseases is apples. These fruits are rich in quercetin. This element reduces allergic reactions and reduces inflammation, two characteristics common in autoimmune diseases. Quercetin can also be found in:

• Wild fruits

• Alcarrapas

• Red grapes

• Purple Onion

It is important to know that the highest percentage of quercetin is found in the skin of these foods. Therefore, you should avoid eating the peeled apple.

3. Include more carrot recipes in the diet

Carrots contain carotenoids, the plant pigments that include beta-carotene. The consumption of these foods corrects the deficiency and considerably reduces inflammation. Other sources that contain carotenoids are:

• Sweet potato

• Damascus

• Spinach

• Pumpkin

• Cabbage

If the patient suffers from inflammation, try to include one of these foods in your daily diet. In a short time, the inflammation will subside.

4. Add some ginger

Ginger is a very beneficial root for the body and is another natural remedy against autoimmune diseases.

It helps to reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandins, suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory and chemokinetic cytokines. All of this means that it reduces the impact of autoimmune diseases.

This food is especially recommended for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. You can include it in your diet or drink a cup of ginger tea a day.

5. More omega 3

Omega-3 is an essential fatty acid that balances the formation of chemical compounds that cause inflammation. This substance can be obtained from the following foods:

• Chickpeas

• Salmon

• Sardines

• Anchovies

• Nuts

• Flaxseed

• Soy

6. Include more fiber in the diet

With a healthy and active colon, it is possible to favor intestinal transit, which will undoubtedly relieve the burden on the immune system.

For this to be possible, you must increase your fiber intake in your daily diet. The best type of fiber is found naturally in:

• Fruits

• Whole grains

• Green leafy vegetables

Fiber is one of the best natural remedies against autoimmune diseases. It helps to regulate the body while providing us with various nutrients.

Try to avoid consuming processed foods, even if the label indicates that they are high in fiber. The problem with these products is that they are also rich in sugars and preservatives, two elements that will aggravate the problems.

Other measures to increase the quality of life

1. Reduce stress

It is necessary to look for ways to successfully relieve daily stress. In this way, we are able to combat the problems caused by autoimmune diseases. The most effective methods are:

• Yoga

• Meditation

• Relaxing massages

• Other relaxation techniques

It would be good for the patient to practice several of these techniques during the week. Little by little, you will discover those that are more and those that provide the most immediate benefits. The secret is to keep trying until you find the ideal one for your particular case.

2. Get enough sleep

Getting enough rest is essential to fight the symptoms of autoimmune diseases. Keep in mind that insomnia or poor sleep can worsen other symptoms and, in some cases, make them worse.

Ideally, sleep 6 to 8 hours straight at night. If you are having trouble achieving this goal, try taking an infusion or exercising more during the day.

3. Maintain a healthy diet

A proper diet maintains good health and provides energy. In addition, it is able to improve symptoms caused by autoimmune diseases. Food is essential for the body and the better the quality of food, the greater the benefits.

Autoimmune diseases (DAI) are becoming increasingly common, affecting most women in the world population, compared to men. In today's article it will be possible to understand them better, as well as to know their main causes, symptoms and forms of treatment, but before that it is necessary to understand once and for all what exactly is an autoimmune disease.

Firstly, it is important to know that there is a group consisting of more than 100 diseases that are considered to be autoimmune and we call it DAI. More succinctly, we must know in the first instance, that the immune system is responsible for producing antibodies that protect our organism from possible harmful external agents, as is the case with bacteria, for example. When one of these agents invades our body, the immune system automatically recognizes the invasion and produces antibodies that will destroy them, thus protecting our organism. However, when there is an immune disease at stake, this defense system can no longer distinguish what is or is not part of the body itself and ends up producing antibodies to destroy organs and systems of itself, as a form of protection, but it is not quite that that happens.

In other words, the disease in question is a problem existing in an individual's immunity system, which instead of exercising its primary function of protecting its organism, does just the opposite: it attacks it. That is why we say that DAI usually attack two or more organs or systems of a person mutually or simply focus on a single target. Next, we will talk more about other aspects of autoimmune diseases. Learn more about the causes of autoimmune diseases, types, symptoms, how to diagnose and treatments below:

1. What causes autoimmune diseases?

A specific cause that leads to autoimmune diseases has not yet been discovered, however, some internal (organism) and external (environmental) factors may appear to trigger them, such as:

• Heredity / genetic predisposition to develop an autoimmune disease;

• Exposure to bacteria, viruses and / or toxins that the immune system has not successfully fought;

• Hormonal changes;

• Immune system often weakened;

• Stress;

• Medicines that destabilize the immune system;

• Excessive hygiene, which weakens the immune system, causing the appearance of infections.

2. Types of autoimmune diseases

In general, autoimmune diseases can affect organs and tissues such as thyroid, kidneys, stomach, intestines, pancreas, joints, skin, platelets etc. There are more than 100 types of autoimmune diseases, the best known of which are:

• Type 1 diabetes (affects the pancreas);

• Lupus (affects skin, kidneys, brain, joints);

• Psoriasis (affects the skin);

• Vitiligo (affects the skin);

• Rheumatoid arthritis (affects the joints);

• Pernicious anemia (affects the stomach);

• Hemolytic anemia (affects the blood);

• Hashimoto's thyroiditis (affects the thyroid);

• Graves' disease (affects the thyroid);

• Multiple sclerosis (affects the brain and spinal cord);

• Crohn's disease (affects the digestive tract);

• Celiac disease (affects the intestine).

3. What are the symptoms?

When it comes to autoimmune disease, there is no way to give precision about the symptoms that actually reflect the existence of it in the body of an individual. The same disease can present different symptoms in two people, so this inaccuracy makes it more difficult to receive a diagnosis of the problem, taking an average of about five years for someone to be diagnosed with an AID. Below we will list some of the most common symptoms that may arise in cases of this type, but remember, be aware of their frequency and durability, and of course, always seek a professional to clarify your case safely. The symptoms are:

• Headache (Headache);

• Anxiety crises;

• Some kind of mental confusion;

• Difficulty in maintaining attention (deficit);

• Emergence of acne;

• Red spots on the skin peeling or not;

• Emergence of Psoriasis;

• Eczema;

• Problems with dermatitis and allergy in general;

• Symptoms of dry mouth;

• Rescolds that occur frequently;

• Increase or decrease in weight;

• Asthma;

• Diarrhea and gases;

• Colic problems in the stomach area;

• Aspect of stiffness and pain similar to fibromyalgia symptoms;

• Constipation;

• Feeling of bloated stomach.

There are still many other factors that can be considered as symptoms of AID, however, as it was possible to notice, most of the aforementioned symptoms are common to several diseases, which makes the diagnosis process difficult. The important thing is to always go to a doctor in cases of symptoms that persist, since the body may be giving some warning of this or another possible disease. Stay tuned!

4. How is an autoimmune disease diagnosed

Because many symptoms are confused with other diseases, the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases can be difficult. Doctors often suspect an autoimmune disease due to something that affects multiple organs.

In addition, a single exam fails to detect the presence of an autoimmune disease, requiring a more complex investigation. The doctor assesses the condition based on the patient's complaints and history, performs a physical examination and requests some additional tests that will depend on the cause of the disease, such as, for example, complete blood and antibody tests (antinuclear factor).

5. Treatments

And when diagnosed, is autoimmune disease treated? Of course yes. Although there is no cure, it is possible to treat it and take care that your immune system does not harm you, as it happens in these cases. And just as there are several of these diseases, there is no standard treatment model that works for all of them. What happens in general is the treatment that uses immunosuppressive drugs, such as corticosteroids, which are capable of causing an individual's immune system to be inhibited.

The big negative factor of this type of treatment is precisely the fact that these drugs do not target only the antibodies that cause damage to the body, like all the others that are supposed to be beneficial, and that makes patients on autoimmune disease treatments get greater chances of getting infections, bacteria and even fungi. But being treated is important and crucial for the individual to survive in the face of such a disease.

Therefore, if you have more than one of the symptoms exposed here, be sure to go to a professional to clarify your case and if there is a diagnosis of autoimmune disease, make sure you do the treatment correctly and not worry that you can live normally, you just can't stop taking care of yourself, okay? You can't play with health and it is certainly the greatest treasure you can have in life.

6. Home remedies for autoimmune diseases

• Turmeric - turmeric contains a substance called curcumin that suppresses enzymes that increase inflammation in autoimmune diseases like arthritis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Boil a glass of milk, add a teaspoon of turmeric powder and take it 3 times a day with meals.

• Ginger - the anti-inflammatory properties in ginger can also help to deal with autoimmune diseases. It helps to reduce inflammation, which is a common problem in autoimmune diseases. Boil a glass of water, add a teaspoon of crushed ginger. Drink the tea 2 to 3 times a day.

• Coconut oil - a study has shown that virgin coconut oil has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Take 2 tablespoons of coconut oil to fight inflammation.

• Aloe Verda or Aloe vera - aloe vera contains lupeol and salicylic acid that have analgesic properties, as well as certain chemical compounds, such as fatty acids that have an anti-inflammatory effect on arthritis. Beat 2 tablespoons of aloe vera with lemon juice and drink 1 glass a day.

• Pineapple - pineapple contains a class of enzymes called bromelain that has anti-inflammatory properties. To be more effective, beat the pineapple juice with 3 teaspoons of turmeric.

• Fish oil - fish oil contains essential fatty acids with anti-inflammatory properties that relieve joint pain, stiffness and even reduce dependence on medication in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Consume a 500mg capsule daily.

• Cayenne pepper - when you consume the pepper, the property called capsaicin inhibits the activity of a chemical in your body responsible for transmitting pain signals to the brain. For this reason, cayenne pepper has been effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis and spinal spondylitis pain. In addition, it also improves the general blood circulation that lubricates the stiff back and joints. Mix a tablespoon of crushed cayenne pepper with honey and take it 2 to 3 times a day.

• Apple cider vinegar - apple cider vinegar is beneficial for autoimmune diseases. It contains vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) which helps to reduce swelling and inflammation. The calcio, manganese, potassium and phosphorus make joint pain even easier. Mix one tablespoon of apple cider vinegar in a glass of hot water. Then add honey and ginger, and drink it twice a day.

• Cinnamon - a study published that cinnamon is an effective anti-inflammatory remedy in the treatment of chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Mix a teaspoon of powdered cinnamon and honey in a cup of hot water. Drink daily.

• Oregano oil - the anti-inflammatory properties of oregano oil are also important for treating autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and spondylitis. Add 3 or 4 drops of oregano oil to a glass of water or juice and drink 3 times a day.

WHAT IS ATOM?

The atom is a structure (composed of proton, neutron, electron, nucleus, levels, sublevels and orbitals) that forms matter.

Atom is the name given to the former of matter (everything that occupies space and has mass). This name was proposed by the Greek philosophers Democritus and Leucipo. Chemical elements, molecules, substances and organic or inorganic materials are formed by atoms.

In its constitution, the atom has particles (protons, neutrons and electrons), not being the smallest part of matter. However, its visualization is not possible. What is known about the atom is related to scientifically proven physical, chemical and mathematical experiments.

The evolution of knowledge about the atom has led to several technologies being developed and perfected.

Basic composition of an atom

• Nucleus: denser region of the atom and contains protons and neutrons;

• Energy levels: regions that surround the nucleus and that contain sub-levels, orbitals and electrons. There are seven energy levels, which are represented by the letters K, L, M, N, O, P and Q;

• Energy sublevels: these are regions that house the orbitals. They are present at all levels and are represented by letters (s, p, d f). Its quantity depends on each level: K (has sub-levels s), L (has sub-levels sub, levels), M (has sub-levels s, ped), N (has sub-levels s, p, def), O (has sub-levels s, p, def ), P (has sub-levels s, ped) and Q (has sub-levels sep);

• Atomic orbitals: regions most likely to find an electron. Each sublevel has a different number of orbitals: s (one orbital), p (three orbitals), d (five orbitals) and f (seven orbitals);

• Protons: positive particles (represented by p);

• Electrons: negative particles that also show wave behavior (represented by e);

• Neutrons: uncharged particles that decrease the repulsion between the protons in the nucleus (represented by n).

Mind Map: Atom

Representation of an atom

The simplest way to represent an atom is to use the acronym of the chemical element it forms. The acronym If, for example, represents all the atoms that form the chemical element selenium.

The acronym that represents the atom can still provide two important pieces of information: the atomic number (represented by the letter Z and always on the lower left side of the atom's acronym) and the mass number (represented by the letter A, which can be positioned on the left or right at the top of the atom's acronym).

Acronym for an atom with mass number and atomic number

• Atomic number (Z): indicates the number of protons present in the nucleus of the atom and the number of electrons (e) present in the energy levels.

• Mass number (A): indicates the mass present in the atom's nucleus, which results from the sum of the number of protons (p) and the number of neutrons (n).

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Formula indicating the representativeness of the mass number

Atomic similarities

The atoms of the same chemical element or different chemical elements can be compared in terms of the number of protons, electrons, neutrons and mass, being classified as follows:

a) Isotopes

Atoms that have:

• same atomic number;

• same number of protons;

• different mass number;

• different number of neutrons;

Example:

Atoms A and B are isotopes

Atoms A and B are isotopes because:

• Atom A has 15 protons, an atomic number of 15, 15 electrons, 15 neutrons and a mass number of 30.

• Atom B has 15 protons, an atomic number of 15, 15 electrons, 20 neutrons and a mass number of 35.

b) Isobars

Atoms that have:

• different atomic numbers;

• different numbers of protons;

• different electron numbers;

• same mass numbers;

• different numbers of neutrons.

Example:

Atoms C and D are isobars

Atoms C and D are isobars because:

• Atom C has 32 protons, an atomic number of 32, 32 electrons, 23 neutrons and a mass number of 55.

• Atom D has 37 protons, an atomic number of 37, 37 electrons, 18 neutrons and a mass number of 55.

c) Isotones

Atoms that have:

• different atomic numbers;

• different numbers of protons;

• different electron numbers;

• different mass numbers;

• same number neutron.

• Atom E has 20 protons, an atomic number of 20, 20 electrons, 20 neutrons and a mass number of 40.

• Atom F has 30 protons, an atomic number of 30, 30 electrons, 20 neutrons and a mass number of 50.

d) Isoelectronics

Atoms that have:

• same number of electrons.

NOTE: isoelectronic atoms can still have the same mass number (isobars), the same number of neutrons (isotones) or the same number of protons (isotopes).

Example:

Atoms G and H are isoelectronic

Atoms G and H are isoelectronic because:

• Atom G has 16 protons, an atomic number equal to 16, 18 electrons (the sign -2 indicates that it has two more electrons than the number of protons), 17 neutrons and a mass number of 33.

• Atom H has 21 protons, an atomic number equal to 21, 18 electrons (the +3 sign indicates that it has three electrons less than the number of protons), 27 neutrons and a mass number of 48.

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Chemical elements are groups of atoms that have the same number of protons inside their nuclei.

A chemical element is defined as a set of atoms that have the same number of protons inside their nucleus, that is, atoms with the same atomic number (characteristic represented by the letter Z). The chemical elements can also be called simple substances.

An extremely important fact about the definition given to a chemical element is that, under no circumstances, it can undergo decomposition, that is, it cannot give rise to new simple substances, it only participates in the formation of new compound substances.

An example is sodium chloride, which, being a compound substance, can be decomposed into the simple substance sodium (Na) and the simple substance chlorine (Cl2) through igneous electrolysis. This fact cannot happen with the gas Neônio (Ne), for example, which is a chemical element and, consequently, a simple substance.

It is important to note that an isolated atom also represents a chemical element. In the formula for water (H2O), for example, we have two atoms that represent the hydrogen element and one atom that represents the oxygen element.

Chemical elements are represented by an acronym, in which the initial letter is uppercase and may be accompanied by one or two lowercase letters. In this acronym, we must position the atomic number on the lower left side, as shown below:

The acronym of the name of the element can refer to several aspects, such as the name of the element in Latin, the name of the element in another language, the name of the discoverer, homage to a scientist, place of discovery etc. Here are some examples:

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• Berílio - Acronym Be, which comes from the Greek Beryllos;

• Boro - Acronym B, which comes from its name in Arabic (buraq) and in Persian (burah);

• Cobalt - Acronym Co, which comes from the German kobalt or kobold (evil spirit or demon of the mines). It received this name because of its toxicity;

• Sodium - Acronym Na, which comes from the Latin Natrium;

• Strontium - Acronym Sr, in honor of a Scottish village called Strotian;

• Líti o- Sigla Li, which comes from the Greek Lithos (stone);

• Magnesium - Acronym Mg, called in Greek Magnesia in reference to the region of Thessaly;

• Roentgênio - Acronym Rg, a tribute to the scientist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, who discovered the X-ray;

• Californium - Acronym Cf, named after the University of California, where it was synthesized.

Several chemical elements are known today. They are organized in ascending order of atomic number in the very famous Periodic Table, proposed by Moseley in 1913. Regardless of whether they are natural or synthetic, many of the chemical elements are very important, since they are part of the composition of thousands of chemicals that involve life and the daily life of the human being.

We have built a space for you to have access to texts that talk about the characteristics, functions, origins, uses and ways of obtaining various chemical elements. Be sure to check the texts below!

Good studies!

"Chemical Elements" Articles

• Beryllium

This article provides information on how the chemical element Beryllium manifests itself in nature, its applications and how highly toxic it is.

• Boron

Click here to know the characteristics and use of Boron.

• Carbon

Learn a little more about carbon and its allotropic forms, where it is found and its applications in everyday life.

• Chlorine

Click and learn about the characteristics, uses and physical and chemical properties of chlorine and learn how this chemical element is produced.

• Cobalt

Check here the importance of cobalt for our organism and in what other situations this element is used.

• Element 111: Roentgenium

Click here to learn about the main characteristics of Roentgenium, a relatively new element.

• Calcium element

Know the percentage of this element on Earth and the Moon.

• Magnesium element

Where it can be found and what are its main functions.

• Sodium element

Know the main characteristics and uses of sodium!

• Artificial Elements

Artificial Elements are atoms of chemical elements not found on the Earth's surface and that have been synthesized, that is, created in the laboratory.

• Natural and synthetic elements

Check here the main characteristics of the natural and synthetic elements!

• Sulfur

Click and know everything (atomic characteristics, ways of obtaining, properties) about the chemical element sulfur.

• Strontium

Metal used in cathode ray tubes of color televisions.

• Insoluble iron: properties of this element

The solubility of metals in water.

• Argon gas

Gas used in the conservation of oxidizable materials.

• Krypton gas

Check here the features and applications of krypton gas!

• Neon gas

Click here and understand how neon gas is obtained, see also where it is commonly used!

• Hydrogen

Click and know the history, characteristics, ways of obtaining and the main uses of the chemical element Hydrogen.

• Iodine

Check here the importance of iodine for the organism and what are the food sources of this mineral!

• Lithium

Know the properties and uses of the lightest metal that exists.

• Metal Mercury

Be aware of the dangers offered by this heavy metal.

• Nickel

The toxic effects of this metal on our body.

• Nitrogen

Click and learn all about the element Nitrogen, as well as the ways in which it can be found in nature.

• Oxygen

Access this link to know the main characteristics of the most abundant element on the Earth's surface, oxygen. Know the properties and peculiarities of its atoms, the importance of its allotropic forms, in addition to the applications of this element in general.

• Platinum

Click and discover the atomic and physical characteristics, history, obtaining and use of the chemical element Platinum!

• Potassium

In nature potassium is a metal, in our body it is a mineral. Click and understand!

• Radon

Radon, family of noble gases, uranium-238 decay, Location of radon in the periodic table, Occurrence of radon in nature, Physical characteristics of Radon, Applications of Radon.

• Rubidium

Click here to know the characteristics and uses of rubidium!

• Titanium

• Learn more about the characteristics, properties and use of titanium. Click here!

• Ununócio

Find out how this element was synthesized in the laboratory.

• Xenon

Click here to know the main characteristics, uses and also curiosities about xenon.

• Zirconium

Discover the chemical element zirconium, its discovery, properties and main applications in industry and daily life.

Chemical elements and their functions

Hydrogen:

H (hydrogen)

Daily applications: Illustration:

• rocket fuel;

• hydrogenation of fats;

• balloon filling;

• oil desulfurization.

Metals:

REPRESENTATIVES:

Na (sodium)

Daily applications: Illustration:

• table salt;

• organic syntheses;

• lighting for roads;

• cooling for the atomic reactor;

•accumulator;

•caustic soda;

• glass.

Be (beryllium)

Daily applications: Illustration:

• window for X-ray tubes;

• material to slow down

neutrons without atomic reactors;

• spring (for watches);

• non-sparking tools.

Al (aluminum)

Everyday applications:

• automobile, rocket, airplane;

• windows, doors, window frames, pans; Illustration:

• sheet, tube, cable;

• lighting, fireworks;

• cement;

• filling of teeth.

K (potassium)

Daily applications: Illustration:

• glass, lens;

• chemical fertilizer;

• phosphorus, gunpowder;

•oxygen mask;

• dietary salt.

Ca (calcium)

Daily applications: Illustration:

• plaster, cement, concrete;

• metal preparation;

• sheath for accumulator cable;

• chemical fertilizer;

• loading material for paper and ink.

TRANSITION:

Sc (scandium)

Daily applications: Illustration:

• seed germination;

• leak detector;

• material for space activities.

V (vanadium)

Daily applications: Illustration:

•tools;

• material for construction;

•jet engine;

• catalyst for the production of sulfuric acid.

Rh (rhodium)

Daily applications: Illustration:

• headlight reflector;

• telephone relay;

• tip of the fountain pen;

• exhaust gas catalyst;

• airplane engine spark plug.

Cu (copper)

Daily applications: ...

PHYSIOLOGY

Learn more about Physiology, study of the functions of living beings

What is Physiology

Physiology is a biological science that studies the functions (physical, organic, biochemical) of living beings. The word is of Greek origin, where physis means nature and logos means study or knowledge.

Physiology brings together important principles of physics, chemistry and mathematics, giving meaning to the interactions of the basic elements of a living being with the environment.

There are three major areas of physiology:

- Animal physiology (includes human physiology)

- Plant physiology

- Bacterial physiology

Vital functions

Vital functions refer to the necessary functions performed by every living being to maintain life. Even single-celled living beings can also perform vital functions, since the only existing cell can perform them independently.

There are three major vital functions: nutrition, reproduction and relationship with the environment.

Great vital functions

Nutrition

Nutrition collects all the activities that living beings perform to obtain the matter and energy essential for life. Nutrition consists of several factors:

- Food: The survival of living beings is only possible with the ingestion of foods that provide the proteins and nutrients necessary for their development. There are two types of nutrition: heterotrophic and autotrophic. The first one is used by humans and animals and is based on the manufacture of matter from organic matter. That is, foods are digested and reduced to simple molecules. The digestive system is fundamental, with digestion, which is a chemical and mechanical process in which there is a breakdown of nutrient molecules, such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.

The second type of nutrition is used by vegetables and consists of creating organic matter from inorganic matter, through photosynthesis.

- Circulation: Circulation is essential for matter to reach all parts of the body. Circulation is done through blood tissue and blood circulates through vessels, arteries, veins and capillaries. Human circulation is double, closed and complete.

- Excretion: Excretion is the elimination of metabolic waste resulting from chemical reactions in the body's cells. These residues, such as ammonia, urea and uric acid, cannot remain in the bloodstream because they are toxic. In the case of humans and animals, waste is eliminated through urine and faeces, thanks to the excretory system.

- Breathing: Breathing is inserted in nutrition as it is the metabolic process that allows to elaborate and maintain the energy that we obtain through food. It is represented by the processes of inspiration (oxygen entering the body) and expiration (expulsion of carbon dioxide). The respiratory system is formed by the airways through the lungs.

reproduction

Reproduction is the vital function that guarantees the survival of the species by passing on genes to future generations. There are two types of reproduction: sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction is that which requires two individuals of the opposite sex and is carried out by the union of the sexual cells (eggs and sperm), or gametes, of each individual, which is called fertilization. Asexual reproduction is that of single-celled beings, in which only one individual intervenes.

Relationship with the environment

It allows living beings to perceive changes in the environment, both internal and external, and to develop responses to these stimuli. In this way, the relationship of living beings with each other and with the environment and the guarantee of survival becomes possible.

PHYSIOLOGY

Human Vital Functions

Check out the vital functions for the functioning of the human machine:

Digestion

Chemical and mechanical process, where nutrient molecules break down. These nutrients are lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. The way of food is as follows: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine (jejunum), large intestine and rectum, where the feces come out.

Bile, produced by the liver, emulsifies fats, facilitating the action of lipases. The hormones involved in digestion are: Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and enterogastrone. All secreted by epithelial cells of the digestive tract.

Intestinal folds or villi are formed by blood and lymph vessels, connective tissue and epithelial tissue with microvilli, which increase the absorption surface.

Tips: Remember that gastric enzymes (from the stomach) do not break down carbohydrates, but only proteins, due to the action of pepsin, which is activated by the HCl of gastric juice.

Trypsin and chymotrypsin are initially in the form of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, which are activated by enterokinase in the duodenum when pancreatic juice is released there.

Monosaccharides are obtained from disaccharides in the small intestine by the action of enteric enzymes: maltase is sealed and removed.

All food is used as a source of energy or construction of living matter. Whatever is in excess will be stored in the form of lipids, in adipocytes (cells of fatty or adipose tissue). When there is a lack of nutrients, fats start to be mobilized as an energy source and the person loses weight.

Digestive Tract Problems:

Peptic ulcer - caused by medication or by the Helicobacter pylori bacteria, there is a failure to defend the lining of the stomach or duodenum and the gastric acidity attacks this lining and lesions and wounds appear, causing pain and heartburn; Constipation occurs when the peristaltic movements of the intestine are very slow, and the waste remains in the intestine for a long time, where it hardens due to the great water reabsorption; diarrhea occurs when the small intestine becomes irritated and the peristaltic movements are very fast.

Liver functions: store glucose in the form of glycogen, store some vitamins, transform glycids into lipids and proteins, produce bile, among others ...

Excretion:

Elimination of metabolic waste resulting from chemical reactions in the body's cells. Such nitrogenous excreta cannot remain in the bloodstream because they are toxic. They can be ammonia, urea and uric acid.

• Ammoniotelic animals: excrete ammonia because it is a substance that is very soluble in water;

• Uricothelic animals: excrete uric acid, which is very poorly soluble and does not need a relevant amount of water;

• Uriotelic animals: excrete urea, which requires little water and is well adapted to human excretion, as we need to save as much water as possible.

Our excretion is done by the nephrons, which are the filtering unit of the kidneys. There are about a million nephrons in each kidney. Our kidney is of the metanephro type, as it removes all metabolites directly from the blood. 99% of the water is reabsorbed and in the collecting duct urine is formed, stored in the bladder and released through the urethra.

Tip: Two hormones act on human excretion: aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is released by the pituitary gland and facilitates the reabsorption of water in the nephrons. Alcohol inhibits ADH, producing more diluted and abundant urine. Aldosterone, from the adrenals, increases the resorption of ions in the nephron tubules and therefore acts in the osmotic control of blood.

Urinary Tract Problems:

Uremia - elevated blood urea rate;

Glomerulonephritis - inflammation of the glomeruli.

Kidney stones - accumulation of mineral salt crystals in the kidneys, and the chance increases due to low water intake.

Breath

Represented by the processes of inspiration and expiration. The Respiratory System is formed by the airways and the lungs. The inspired air, rich in oxygen, fills the lungs at the level of the alveoli (sacs where gas exchange with the blood occurs (hematosis). The lungs are protected by the rib cage, formed by the Sternum and the ribs. The movements are made by the Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles.

When we inhale, the box expands and the diaphragm descends, entering the air. When we exhale, the box returns to normal and the diaphragm rises again, expelling the air, full of carbon dioxide. The blood must nourish the tissues and therefore it takes the nutrients and respiratory gases. When it reaches the cells of different tissues, an exchange takes place between them and the arterial blood, which releases oxygen and receives carbon dioxide, which is charged mainly in the form of bicarbonate ions, but is also taken dissolved in the plasma and linked to hemoglobin. .

Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme that will catalyze the reaction of water with carbon dioxide in the blood. Hemoglobin is the red blood cell pigment that gives them their characteristic color and through their ions Iron, they carry inspired oxygen to all the cells of the body. Such oxygen will be used for cellular respiration, with an energy balance of 38 ATPs.

Tip: CO (carbon monoxide), an odorless gas, makes a highly stable bond with hemoglobin, incapacitating it from carrying oxygen. If the individual is exposed to CO for a prolonged period, he may die of asphyxiation.

At higher altitudes, air is thinner and oxygen availability is lower. People who live at sea level, when climbing to such altitudes, feel the impact of oxygen deficiency. The body, to supply this deficiency, starts to produce more red blood cells in the bone marrow, through the action of the hormone Erythropoietin and, therefore, there will be a greater number of hemoglobin molecules to capture more oxygen.

Respiratory Tract Problems:

Flu and cold - caused by viruses, which attack the respiratory tract, sinuses and ear;

Tuberculosis and pneumonia - caused by bacteria. The trachea and bronchi can become inflamed, which can cause acute bronchitis, which can reach the lungs - bronchopneumonia. Chronic bronchitis occurs due to constant irritation of the airways by the action of smoking, allergies and air pollution. Emphysema is a progressive destruction of the alveoli, caused mainly by smoking. Asthma is an inflammatory reaction in the bronchi, with edema, mucus hypersecretion and smooth muscle contraction, causing shortness of breath.

Circulation:

Circulation is done through blood tissue. Blood circulates through vessels, arteries, veins and capillaries. Human circulation is double, closed and complete. Blood passes twice through the heart in a circuit complete that lasts about 1 minute. The heart is composed of four cavities: two atria and two ventricles.

The right atrium receives venous blood from the body through the vena cava. The right ventricle pumps this blood to the lungs, where hematosis occurs, through the pulmonary artery. Arterial blood enters the left atrium and is pumped into the body through the systole of the left ventricle and exits the heart to the body through the Aorta and Carotid arteries.

The cavities are separated by valves and there are also valves between the ventricles and the vessels through which the blood flows. The myocardium is the cardiac muscle (cardiac striated muscle - involuntary movements). It has a certain independence in relation to the nervous system, as it allows heartbeats through bundles of cells that transmit an electrical impulse allowing the movements of systole and diastole of both atria and both ventricles. It is the sinoatrial node; the atrioventricular nodule; the hiss bundle and the purkinje fibers.

Arterial blood takes nutrients, respiratory gases and hormones into the tissues and collects excreta and carbon dioxide. The exchange occurs at the level of capillaries, very thin vessels and what leaks and does not return due to the pressure difference in the arterial part and in the venous part of the capillary, is collected by the lymphatic circulation, which also transports lymphocytes, the body's defense cells. What is collected is later taken back to the blood through the subclavian veins.

Tip: Vein is every vessel that enters the heart and artery, every vessel that leaves the heart, regardless of the type of blood I carry (arterial or venous).

Circulatory Tract Problems:

• Atherosclerosis - hardening of blood vessels due to the deposition of fatty plaques (atheroma);

• Ischemia - difficulty in transporting oxygen and oxygenating cells in general;

• Thrombosis - blockage of a vessel, preventing the passage of blood;

• Stroke (stroke) - rupture of an artery in the brain due to a sudden rise in blood pressure;

• Infarction - death of the myocardium due to the clogging of the arteries that supply the heart, the coronary arteries. Symptoms are angina pectoris (pain in the left chest that radiates to the arm), pain in the neck, sweating and difficulty breathing.

Causes of heart and circulatory problems: Sedentary lifestyle (lack of physical exercise), obesity, food rich in animal fat and trans fat, smoking, stress, depression and use of anabolic steroids.

GENES

What are genes, heredity, human genome, genetics, DNA and RNA, chromosomes.

What is

The gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Each gene is formed by a specific sequence of nucleic acids (the most important biomolecules in cell control, as they contain genetic information. There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA- and ribonucleic acid - RNA).

Functions, location and other information

Genes control not only the structure and metabolic functions of cells, but also the entire organism. When located in reproductive cells, they pass on their information to the next generation.

Chemically, each gene is constituted by a DNA sequence that forms nucleotides (compounds rich in energy and that assist the metabolic processes, mainly the biosynthesis in most cells).

The nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose (sugar with five carbon atoms) and a phosphate group. Nitrogen bases can be classified into: pyrimidines and purines.

The gene is usually located interspersed with DNA sequences not encoded by proteins. These strings are called "useless DNA". When this type of DNA occurs within a gene, the encoded portion is classified as an uncoded portion.

Useless DNA makes up 97% of the human genome and, despite its name, it is necessary for genes to function properly.

Each species has a defined number of chromosomes. Changes in your number or disposition of genes, can result in genetic mutations.

When mutations in germ cells (egg or sperm) occur, the changes can be passed on to future generations. Mutations that affect somatic cells can result in certain types of cancer.

The genetic makeup of an organism (genotype) plus the influence received from the environment, will be responsible for the phenotype, that is, for the observable characteristics of the individual.

The total sum of genes is called the genome. Research carried out with the aim of identifying the location and function of each gene, is known as the human genome.

WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?

Chemistry studies the transformations involving matter and energy.

Chemistry is a branch of the Natural Sciences that studies matter, its properties, constitution, transformations and the energy involved in these processes.

Matter is the main object of study of Chemistry and can be defined as everything that occupies place in space and has mass, that is, the entire material world around us and even ourselves.

Regardless of the shape, origin (present on our planet or in the universe) or whether alive or dead, there is no material that is beyond the reach of Chemistry.

Chemistry has a huge impact on technology and our society, as its studies play a fundamental role in the development of all branches of science. After all, it is through the study of matter that we can understand the properties and possible transformations that each substance can undergo to then use this knowledge to our benefit.

It is very easy to see the diverse contributions provided by Chemistry throughout the history of mankind. Among them, we can highlight:

• The development of processed foods;

• The increase in the shelf life of products;

• The increase in the effectiveness and action of cosmetics;

• Development of medications to combat the most varied diseases;

• Development of alternative fuel sources;

• Production of substances in the laboratory;

• Development of techniques and solutions for environmental problems.

Chemistry is a science at three fundamental levels:

1. Macroscopic: Transformations that can be observed, that is, it deals with the properties that involve large and visible objects;

2. Microscopic: This is the interpretation of macroscopic phenomena through transformations that we cannot see directly, such as the rearrangement of atoms;

3. Symbolic: Chemical symbols, such as molecular, structural and electronic formulas, as well as mathematical equations and formulas, are used to represent the transformations and phenomena studied.

In this space, you can clarify each of your doubts about the most varied themes and questions involving Chemistry, that is, all the knowledge related to the main areas of Chemistry required in the entrance exams still in force and at Enem, namely:

General chemistry:

- Matter

- Physical states of matter

- Properties of matter

- Substances and mixtures

- Atom

Inorganic chemistry:

- Acids

- Bases

- Oxides

- Salts

- Chemical reactions related to the substances highlighted above

Physicochemical:

- Solutions

- Collective properties

- Chemical kinetics

- Thermochemistry

- Electrochemistry

- Chemical balance

- Radioactivity

Organic chemistry:

- Carbon characteristics

- Oxygenated organic functions

- Nitrogen organic functions

- Isomeries

- Organic reactions

- Polymers

- Biochemistry

Environmental chemistry

- Atmospheric pollution

- Water pollution

- Ground pollution

- Acid rain

Destruction of the ozone layer

- Disposal of garbage

- Waste recycling

Now feel free to click on each of the proposed texts below and further expand your knowledge of chemical science.

BIOCHEMISTRY

BIOLOGY

Biochemistry is the part of Biology that is concerned with the chemical processes that occur in living organisms.

The discovery of the structure of DNA was fundamental for the advancement of Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the part of Biology responsible for studying the structures, organization and molecular transformations that occur in the cell. These transformations configure what we call metabolism, which is nothing more than the extremely coordinated reactions that are fundamental to guarantee the survival, growth and reproduction of living organisms.

Metabolism is usually classified into anabolism or catabolism. In the first case, chemical reactions are focused on the synthesis of complex molecular structures from simple molecules. In the case of catabolism, complex molecules are broken down into simpler structures. It is worth noting that the two processes occur in all living cells.

Biochemical processes of living beings

At the biochemical level, despite the great diversity of life forms, many structures and processes are shared by very different living beings, which facilitates the understanding of life as a whole. All species, for example, are formed by basic elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and complex molecules, which perform chemical processes so that the energy necessary for survival is produced.

In general, we can say that all organisms carry out four basic biochemical processes for the maintenance of life:

Synthesis of biomolecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids;

Transport of substances through membranes;

Production of energy;

Elimination of metabolites and toxic substances.

Biochemical discoveries

Among the main findings of Biochemistry that deserve mention, we can mention the understanding of the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the understanding of the importance of the gene for protein synthesis, the determination of the structure of proteins and the understanding of metabolic pathways.

The understanding of these processes was, undoubtedly, fundamental for the development of several areas, such as biotechnology, medicine and agriculture. In the field of medicine, for example, we can highlight the importance of this science in advancing genetics and understanding metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, and even degenerative problems. In the field of agriculture, the development of transgenic varieties has ensured greater success in crops.

It is noticed, therefore, that Biochemistry is nothing more than the study of the chemistry involved in all living beings, being, therefore, fundamental for the understanding of the processes that allow the maintenance of life and the development of techniques that guarantee a better quality of life for all. It is worth mentioning that, despite the great development of the area, much remains to be studied, and constant investment in this field of studies is essential.

Check out the texts displayed below to delve into the chemistry of life! Good studies !!!

ALCHEMY

Alchemy is an ancient practice, the ancient chemistry practiced in the Medieval Era. It unites in its broad cognitive spectrum notions of chemistry, physics, astrology, art, metallurgy, medicine, mysticism and religion. The most widespread belief is that alchemists seek to find in the Philosopher's Stone, a mythical substance, the power to turn everything into gold and, even more, to provide those who find it with eternal life and the cure of all ills.

According to the researchers, however, Alchemy goes further. Their goals have a symbolic value, which means that in fact their practitioners aim for something greater - spiritual transmutation. Therefore, the famous Elixir of Long Life would be nothing more than a resource of the human organism, capable of granting those who carry out the long process of spiritual purification a life extended to infinity. It is said that this substance is also an important point in the philosophy of Yoga.

The alchemists sought to intensify the search for this Elixir through laboratory experiments that used the four elements, essential in alchemical work: fire, water, earth and air. In the extreme observation of Nature and its components, the alchemists reached very important knowledge, some of them only recently taken up by Quantum Physics, as the evidence that all things are interconnected in the Cosmos. This holistic view contributed a lot to the cures carried out by the Swiss doctor Philippus Paracelsus, who in his mission as curator started from this point of view. He believed that substances such as salt, mercury and sulfur permeate all living beings, even the human organism.

Currently, this same belief is rescued by Anthroposophy, a spiritualist current that also compares concepts of Alchemy with active forces of the soul - thought would correspond to salt; the feeling for mercury and the desire for sulfur. Some of its thinkers see gold pursued by alchemists as a representation of the ‘self’, the human essence.

Although Alchemy is not currently considered a Science, as scientific knowledge is today conceived, but a spiritual vision more concerned with ancient traditions than with the discovery of novelties, it is considered an ancestor of modern Chemistry and Medicine itself. In addition to the chemical experiments that alchemists were engaged in, there was a constant concern with performing a series of rites.

Alchemy also dealt with some points of Kabbalah and Magic, in addition to cultivating a hermetic philosophy. From Kabbalistic theory, Alchemy inherited the search for the harmony of opposites. The Philosopher's Stone could be, therefore, the search for perfection, which could not be achieved without the balance between the polarities that the Man has. Therefore, the manipulation of metals would be a symbol of the spiritual metamorphosis that each living being goes through. But there are many interpretations of alchemical texts, and until today there has been no consensus on the real meaning of the symbols of Alchemy. Filed under: Philosophy, Chemistry

The Secret of Alchemy

Paracelsus simplifies the mysterious, magical and supernatural concept of alchemy and clarifies: "The baker is also an alchemist, who converts flour into bread, who makes wine and weaves the thread with his distaff."

Alchemy is the mother of chemistry, allopathy, homeopathy, but it differs totally from the current meaning of pharmacy and laboratory.

Alchemy is physical, psychic and spiritual. It gives a divinizing sense and humanizes everything.

As alchemy is the greatest treatise in hermetic philosophy, it is based on immutable principles, which are the states of matter: the volatile, which goes beyond the gaseous state, the solid, the liquid and the pasty.

It is the “tree” that best represents it: the life of the tree begins in a volatile state, where pollen from its flowers is transported by air. It is solid in the consistency of its trunk. It becomes pasty in its sap, its resin, its milk, its latex. It becomes liquid in your coconut water and your fruit juice. It is animal in part of its composition. It is a mineral that is made of stone when it becomes amber, when incense is made. It is magician, human and divine, for its alchemical function.

The phrase that symbolizes alchemy: “solvite corpora et coagulate spiritum” (dissolves the body and coagulates the spirit).

No other science allows to achieve this type of transmutation, metamorphosis.

The secret lies in the same process that differentiates the brain from the computer.

The computer only knows what is programmed.

As for the brain, what we program with knowledge, ferment and resonate throughout the body, mind and soul. Because it is a universal treatise, it can extract the essence of a star, a plant, a mineral or a man.

The spirit is solar, the body is terrestrial and the soul is the alchemical fusion of body and spirit.

Also: mercury, sulfur and salt, give us an equivalence with the trinity or the "trimurty".

Mercury is the creator.

Sulfur is the conservative.

Salt is the transmutator.

To turn lead into gold, that is, the negative into positive:

Metaphysics is the basis of Philosophy and also the branch responsible for the study of the existence of being.

Through metaphysics, an interpretation of the world is sought, about nature, the constitution and basic structures of reality.

What is?

The word metaphysical comes from the Greek and the prefix "meta" means "beyond". The first philosopher to deal with the subject in a systematic way was Aristotle.

In fact, he himself called this idea “first philosophy”, because he understood that it would be the foundation of philosophical reflection. Thus, the term metaphysics was not coined by him, but by one of his disciples who organized his work.

In addition to the “first philosophy”, Aristotle investigated the “science of being while being”. Therefore, he was interested in questioning what makes the subject different and at the same time private.

Aristotle

Unlike Plato, Aristotle thought that the principles of reality are not in the intelligible world, but in our sensitive world. Reality is subject to time and space.

Aristotle stated that four causes condition the existence of beings:

1. Material cause: the body is composed of matter. such as blood, skin, muscles, bones, etc.

2. Form: if on the one hand we have matter, we also have a form. One head, two arms, two legs, etc. Thus, this form transforms us into singular beings that differ from others.

3. Efficient: why do we exist? The first answer is because someone made us. This would be a response from the “efficient cause” field: we exist because we were created.

4. Final: we exist for something. This answer transcends the previous one because we are facing a purpose, a goal. All beings were created for an end. The field of philosophy that studies it is called “teleology”.

Kant

It is common to hear that Kant (1724-1804) would have killed metaphysics. However, what Kant meant is that the human being is not able to answer certain metaphysical questions like the existence of God and the soul, for example.

Kant will seek to value reason. If I cannot find rational evidence, I must not deal with these questions or at least they do not belong to the field of reason.

So, Kant will change the questions. Rather than asking himself what is true, he will ask himself how it is possible for the truth to exist.

Kant exposed his thought in the work "The Foundation of Metaphysics of Customs", written in 1785.

The history of metaphysics is divided into three periods:

1. First period: begins with Plato and Aristotle (between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC) and ends with David Hume (18th century). At this stage, metaphysics was understood as a reflection of being in its most general sense. One of the great scholars of this time will be Thomas Aquinas, who will recover Aristotelian philosophy and apply it in his theological studies.

2. Second period: begins with Immanuel Kant, in the course of the 18th century, and ends in the 20th century with Edmund Husserl and his studies on phenomenology. Kant will continue Hume's studies by pointing out the primacy of reason over the transcendental issues that metaphysics raised.

3. Third period: it is the period that begins in the second decade of the 20th century until the present day. Corresponds to the studies of contemporary metaphysics. The most denialist criticisms of metaphysics arise with the recovery of materialism and the creation of positivism. On the other hand, at the end of the 20th century we have a resurgence of metaphysics through esoteric currents.

4. Ontology

The area of philosophy that deals with the nature of being, which is the reality and existence of things, and metaphysical issues in general is called ontology.

In the philosophical sense it has several definitions and some authors consider it as the study of contemporary metaphysics.

The word results from the union of the Greek words ontos (being) and logos (word).

ethic

Ethics is a set of moral systems that affect the way people make decisions.

It can be defined as a moral philosophy.

The term Ethics comes from the Greek word ethos, which means habits, customs or character.

Ethics is addressed in different segments of society, such as religion, politics, philosophy and culture.

While metaphysics studies being as a being, ethics deals with cause and effect. For Aristotle, ethics is based on metaphysics.

Epistemology

Epistemology is the study of the origin and acquisition of knowledge. Therefore, there is a specific area to check the validity of the knowledge of metaphysics.

Today, modern epistemology is based on two fundamental points: empiricism and rationalism.

Positivism

Positivism is the mainstream in opposition to metaphysics. Positivist thinking holds that the goal of science is logic. Emotions and thoughts are not considered.

Man is composed of soul and body, although in certain cases the term "spirit" is added. Both the soul and the spirit are placed in contrast to the body to express the incorporeal part of man. There is, however, a distinction between soul and spirit. The word "soul" is used to express the immortal moral portion of the human being, and is sometimes used to mean "person", as in the verse in Genesis 46:26 which says: "All the souls who came with Jacob to Egypt" . “Eight souls were saved” (1 Pet 3:20). "The soul that sins, it will die" (Ezek. 18: 4).

The Hebrew word usually translated as "soul" is nephesh. In many passages it is translated "life", as in Jonah 1:14: "... let us not perish because of this man's life". In the New Testament the same Greek word is used for both soul and life: “For whoever wants to save his life (or soul) will lose it, and whoever loses his life (or soul) for my sake, will find it. For what does it profit a man to gain the whole world, if he loses his soul (or life)? or what will man give as a reward for his soul (or life)? ”

It is in the soul, distinct from the spirit, that appetites and desires are found. The rich man said: “And I will say to my soul, Alma, you have many goods in store for many years: rest, eat, drink and take a break” (Luke 12:19). That night his "soul" was sought. The salvation of the soul cannot be separated from the salvation of the person.

The spirit is distinctly the highest part of man. It marks conscience, individuality, and distinguishes man from the lower creatures in creation. God breathed into the nostrils of man the breath of life, and so man was placed in a relationship with God, and he cannot be truly happy apart from Him both in present and eternal existence. The same words used in the original Hebrew and Greek for "spirit" are also those that are used constantly for the Spirit of God or the Holy Spirit, and are also used for angels, in the sense of spirits, and for evil spirits.

God's Word is sharp, and capable of dividing a man's soul and spirit, although it cannot be easy for the human mind to perceive this division. The apostle prayed for the Thessalonians that both the spirit (which is probably shown to be the place where God works), as well as the soul and the body, could be sanctified (1 Thessalonians 5:23). In the letter to the Hebrews we read of the “spirits” of the perfected righteous; his place is with God through redemption. The word there means, apparently, the person separated from his body.

The Christian having received the Holy Spirit as a source of life in Christ, he is exhorted to pray with the spirit, to sing with the spirit, to walk in the Spirit, so that in some cases it becomes difficult to distinguish between the Spirit of God and the spirit of the Christian.

What is Homogeneous:

Homogeneous is an adjective attributed to everything that has the same nature or has a similar structure or function, when compared to something else.

Usually the term is used in situations where it is not possible to clearly determine the composition or the formation of a particular thing or space, for example.

Examples:

The farm's land is much more homogeneous.

This article on the country's economy contains very homogeneous information.

This term can also be used to refer to something in order to express coherence or demonstrate some correspondence between two things.

Examples:

This is a characteristic of a homogeneous government.

The reporter presented a very homogeneous text.

Homogeneous in chemistry

For the area of chemistry, the term homogeneous is related to the system that is formed by a mixture of substances that contains only one phase (monophasic) when two or more elements are mixed.

When we say that a mixture is homogeneous, we mean that its composition is uniform, that is, that the components mix easily, and it is not possible to perceive the substances separately.

Difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous

In chemistry, the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous lies precisely in the fact that pure substances mix. So, what defines whether a mixture is classified as heterogeneous or homogeneous is how the substances used are mixed and whether the result will have one or more phases.

Mixtures can be formed by two or more pure substances and will be classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

In this sense, the homogeneous mixture is one that visibly presents a single phase. The heterogeneous mixture, on the other hand, has two or more phases, thus being biphasic or three-phase, for example.

Salt water is an example of a homogeneous monophasic mixture, that is, it has only one phase. This is because when water and salt are mixed it is not possible to notice the difference or separation of the substances that make up this mixture.

Water and oil are the best known examples of a heterogeneous mixture, as these substances are mixed thoroughly. In this case, it is a heterogeneous biphasic mixture, as it is possible to perceive each of the substances separately.

See also the meaning of Heterogeneous.

Homogeneous in mathematics

In mathematics, the term homogeneous refers to an equation in which the terms forming the expression have the same value, the same degree or the same direction.

In the equation called homogeneous linear, the result of the equation formed by independent terms will always be equal to zero.

See this example: 3a + 2b - c = 0.

Synonyms of homogeneous

The term can be replaced by synonyms such as: equal, analogous, identical, equal, similar, similar, similar, uniform, simple, connected, smooth, uniform, cohesive, harmonious, coherent, cohesive, balanced.

WHAT IS PHYSICS?

Physics is the area of natural sciences that studies the phenomena that happen with matter over space and time.

The physical word has its origin in the Greek term physiké, which means "nature", its use / meaning is always related to the word episteme, which, from Greek origin also, means "knowledge", "science". Therefore, physics was defined as: The science that studies nature.

However, that was the definition given by the Greeks of Ancient Greece. For them, all natural phenomena were intriguing and there was no distinction between the fact that a body falls, a plant sprouts and wine fermentes.

With the passing of time there was a division of the natural sciences and thus was born Chemistry, Biology and Physics itself - which started to have its own field of studies.

Physics seeks to describe, predict and justify through laws the phenomena that happen with matter over space and time.

The phenomena studied by physics are present everywhere, in our daily lives, on our planet, in other galaxies, in short, in the entire universe. In addressing these phenomena, Physics uses the scientific method, since the hypotheses must be corroborated by experiments; so the predictions are made and it is possible to check if the experiments are in accordance with these predictions.

Physics is traditionally divided into branches. Each branch groups the study of facts that have similar properties and that can be related and described by common laws.

So, here are the branches of Physics:

Mechanics: studies the movements of bodies.

Thermology: studies the phenomena related to temperature and heat.

Optics: studies the phenomena related to light.

Wave: studies phenomena related to waves, their characteristics, properties and behaviors.

Electricity and Magnetism: studies electrical and magnetic phenomena.

Modern Physics: It deals with physics developed in the 20th century, in which we can include relativity, quantum physics and nuclear physics.

What is quantum physics:

All of these microparticles cannot be studied from the perspective of classical physics, as they are not influenced by the laws that compose it, such as gravity, the law of inertia, action and reaction, etc.

Unlike classical physics, quantum physics is classified as "non-intuitive", this means that, in this branch of study, certain things are true even when they appear not to be. In fact, because it is considered non-intuitive, quantum physics became known as a “false theory”.

Also known as quantum mechanics, this revolutionary theory of modern physics emerged during the early years of the twentieth century, with physicist Max Planck (1858 - 1947) being one of the pioneers to develop its basic principles, and which contradict much of the fundamental laws of classical physics. Planck was responsible, for example, for creating the “Planck constant” (E = h.v).

However, it was Albert Einstein, the creator of the Theory of Relativity, who named the Planck equation quantum (Latin word meaning "quantity") for the first time. Quantum is a reference to the physical event quantization co, which consists of the instant change of electrons that contains a minimum energy level to a higher one, if they are heated.

Even though the theory of quantum physics is focused on microscopic phenomena, they are reflected in all macroscopic aspects, since everything in the universe is made from molecules, atoms and other subatomic particles.

Throughout the 20th century, several scientists and physicists contributed to the development of quantum physical theory, such as: Werner Heisenberg (1901 - 1976), Louis de Broglie (1892 - 1987), Niels Bohr (1885 - 1962), Erwin Schrödinger (1887 - 1961), Max Born (1882 - 1970), John von Neumann (1903 - 1957), Richard Feynman (1918 - 1988), Wolfgang Pauli (1900 - 1958), among others.

Since then, quantum physics has become the basic theory of several other branches of physics and chemistry, such as atomic physics, nuclear physics, molecular physics, quantum chemistry, particle physics, etc. In fact, the principles of quantum physics are also applied in various sectors of human knowledge, revolutionizing not only the Exact Sciences, but also philosophical currents.

The main link between quantum physics and philosophical and spiritual concepts, according to the defenders of this relationship, is in the condition of chance and uncertainty of this theory, which says that it is possible for two different and simultaneous situations for a given subatomic body.

This principle was observed in quantum physics from the so-called "wave-particle duality", that is, when a particle behaves either as a particle or as a wave, a statement that is totally abnormal in the face of classical physics.

Starting from this idea, for example, several theoretical hypotheses of study emerge, such as the “theory of the various worlds”, which says that it is possible to have several alternative realities for each individual.

Quantum physics and spirituality

This relationship is controversial, as it consists of the debate between two distinct nuclei, one formed by those who defend the veracity of quantum influence on the spiritual plane, and another that totally denies the use of quantum mechanics as a way of explaining spirituality.

For those who defend the existence of a relationship between quantum and spiritual physics, the power of human thought could exert great power over the individual reality of each person, being able, with the right indications, to change the world to its own around.

Quantum physics and thought

Several internationally renowned physicists relate the principles of quantum physics to theories about human consciousness and the power of thought as the "builder" of reality.

In short, the human mind would have a profound capacity to influence the arrangement of atomic microparticles around people, the way they behave and how they construct the reality of each individual. For scholars who believe in this idea, people's intentions would influence the construction of reality.

THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF LIVING BEINGS

Discover the five kingdoms of living beings and learn more about their differences.

Animals and plants are classified in the Animalia and Plantae kingdoms, respectively

We know that, according to their similarities, all living beings are grouped into different categories ranging from kingdom to species. A kingdom is the most comprehensive category and includes living beings that have similar characteristics, but some important peculiarities.

We currently consider the existence of five kingdoms: Monera, Protista or Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. This classification was proposed by the researcher Whittaker in 1969 and until today it is one of the most accepted and studied in elementary and high school.

The Monera kingdom is a group of very simple beings. All members are formed by only one cell (single cell) and it has no defined nucleus (prokaryotic cell). Some representatives are able to produce their own food (autotrophic), while others need to take their nutrients from other living organisms (heterotrophic). Included in this group are all species of bacteria and cyanobacteria.

The Protista or Protoctista kingdom, unlike the Monera kingdom, does not have individuals with prokaryotic cells, all being eukaryotic representatives. In this group we find unicellular and multicellular beings and also organisms with autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. This kingdom has very diverse organisms, and many people even say that in it are grouped beings that simply do not fit into other kingdoms. As representatives, we can mention protozoa and algae.

The paramecium is an example of a representative of the Protoctist kingdom

The Fungi kingdom presents single-celled or multicellular organisms with a eukaryotic cell. All representatives, unlike the kingdoms above, are heterotrophic, that is, unable to oduct your food. This is the main characteristic that allows us to distinguish this group of plants. Included in this realm are all mushrooms, molds and yeasts.

The Plantae kingdom is composed exclusively of autotrophic organisms that have eukaryotic and multicellular cells. It is a very diverse group and includes all the plants on the planet. Despite the appearance of plants with algae, the latter group cannot be grouped in this kingdom. However, evidence proves that plants have green algae as ancestors.

Finally, we have the Animalia kingdom, the kingdom to which we belong. It has heterotrophic, multicellular and eukaryotic cell representatives. This first characteristic (heterotrophic beings) is fundamental to differentiate this group of plants.

We still have viruses, but they are not classified in any of the studied kingdoms. Many scholars do not consider these beings as living, since they have no cell and no metabolism outside the cells parasitized by them. However, this is still a controversial point. Faced with this problem, viruses are studied separately.

KINGDOMS OF THE LIVING WORLD

BIOLOGY

The kingdoms of the living world most accepted today are Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

Since ancient times, several ways of classifying living beings have been proposed in order to facilitate the study of these organisms and to understand their evolutionary relationships. The criteria used to group them are varied, which means that these systems are constantly modified and improved.

The first classification systems were quite simple and, as technological resources were scarce, they were based on the macroscopic characteristics of each being and their habits of life. For this reason, the organisms were initially classified by Lineu in two kingdoms: Animal and Vegetal.

With the advancement of technology, the study of microscopic beings began and, with that, a new classification emerged. In 1866, the term protist was proposed to designate eukaryotic organisms that did not fit into the Animal and Plant kingdoms. Years later the protists were promoted to kingdom.

Copeland, in 1956, suggested the creation of a kingdom to group organisms that could be considered the simplest in nature: bacteria. There arose the system of four kingdoms, as well as the Monera Kingdom, where prokaryotic beings were inserted.

Fungi are part of the Fungi kingdom

Later, in 1969, the system of five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker appeared. Undoubtedly, this is the most used system, although there are other classifications. According to the Whittaker system, we have the kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae.

Kingdom Monera: It groups single-celled prokaryotic organisms, that is, they have only one cell without nucleus delimited by a membrane. Examples: Bacteria and cyanobacteria.

Protista Kingdom (Currently called Protoctista): It brings together unicellular and pluricellular beings, eukaryotes, autotrophic or heterotrophic. Example: algae and protozoa.

The change of denomination of the Protista Kingdom to Protoctista occurred in the 1980s and was proposed by Margulis and Schwartz. In addition to changing the names, the researchers included multicellular algae and some fungi in this group.

Fungi Kingdom: It groups eukaryotic beings, which, for the most part, are multicellular, and heterotrophic. Examples: Mushrooms, molds and yeasts.

Plants are part of the Plantae kingdom

Reino Plantae or Metaphyta: Includes eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with autotrophic nutrition. Example: Mosses, ferns, araucaria and mango.

Kingdom Animalia or Metazoa: Includes eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that have heterotrophic nutrition. Example: Man, dog, cow and birds.

Animals are part of the Animalia kingdom

In addition to this classification, it is currently accepted that all organisms are included in three major domains: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. This classification was proposed by Carl Woese, in 1990, and created using data from analysis of ribosomal RNA nucleotides.

The Bacteria domain groups together all true bacteria or simply bacteria. The Archaeae domain includes all the archaea, which were previously mistaken for the basal group of bacteria. The Eukarya domain, in turn, is composed of all the existing eukaryotic organisms, therefore being included in this group, the Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia kingdoms.

As textbooks and most teachers still adopt the classification proposed by Whittaker, here you will find texts that obey this system.

Good studies!

Attention: Viruses are a very peculiar group due to the absence of cells. Therefore, they are not classified within the realms of living beings. It is worth mentioning that these organisms are unable to live without a cell, being considered intracellular parasites mandatory areas.

7 MEANINGS OF THE LITTLE KNOWN HUMAN BODY

Taste, touch, smell, sight and hearing are not the only senses of the human body

We often hear the statement that we have 5 senses. But what scholars like neurologist Alvaro Pascual-Leone and psychologists Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris of Harvard University in the USA say is that our ability to perceive the world, both internally and externally, goes far beyond the basic 5 senses aristotelian. To get a sense of what this means, we can try to answer questions like:

Imagining that we have our eyes closed, what sense does it give us the feeling that we are at an elevated height?

Is touch responsible for perceiving the temperature? Wouldn't we need to play, since we are talking just about tact?

If we enter a blindfolded room, what exact sense can it indicate that the room is full or empty?

In a noisy place we can choose which sound we want to focus our attention on. Is it really just hearing that is capable of doing this? What happens to the rest of the sounds we miss?

If you were confused when trying to answer these questions, perhaps some of the other senses studied by scientists listed below, may clarify your doubts.

Proprioception:

This sense is responsible for knowing that we have and where our organs, limbs, muscles and our body as a whole are located.

Nociception

It is the sense of pain. Studies indicate that it may be associated with emotional factors and other types of perception.

THE 7 MAIN CHAKRAS OF LIVING BEINGS

To start talking about chakras, you need to talk about energy. Energy is everything that vibrates: the light, the sound, the rays of the Sun, the water ... Everything that exists in the Universe is composed of energy. Everything we see is composed of condensed energy, that is, matter.

Our physical body is matter, that is, energy. Our planet is composed of condensed energy, just like nature and all the things that man created. There is energy everywhere, on and off planet Earth.

All living beings need vital energy (or prana, bioenergy, chi…) in order to stay alive. It can be obtained by sunlight, food, plants, land, water, air.

Everything is made of energy - The aura or psychosome

As we are energy, each living being has a magnetic field that protects and differentiates it from other beings. This field is better known as the aura, and has different names according to the spiritual school that studies it.

In the aura, according to Professor Wagner Borges, from IPPB, there are several openings through which we make energy exchanges with the environment, with other people, with other beings, with nature.

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KEYS TO ACTIVATE THE HIDDEN POWER OF HERBS

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Awaken the Power of Herbs for Soul Transformation and Balance

Chakras

These openings in the aura are energetic vortexes, and are more popularly known as chakras, or chakras. Chakras are circle-shaped energy centers (chakra = wheel, in Sanskrit) in our body that constantly vibrate. Billions are scattered throughout the aura of living beings. How does it happen?

It's simple, all living things are made up of cells. We humans are made up of billions of them, and each one needs to be alive and in constant activity for us to be alive.

Therefore, for this to happen, cells are nourished with vital energy, and they need to receive and release energy constantly. Thanks to this exchange, we are born, grow and develop, until one day the energy exchanges cease and the physical body dies along with its cells.

This all happens thanks to the chakras, the main responsible for this energy exchange. For each living cell there is a chakra in constant motion.

There are chakras that play important roles in the body. Some are more important than others. There are the main and the secondary ones. The latter are considered so because they are not associated with the endocrine glands. Two examples of these are the splenic chakra (connected to the spleen) and the liver chakra. In this article, we will look at the main chakras in general.

The Main Chakras

The seven main chakras of the body are, from bottom to top: Basic, Sexual, Solar Plexus, Cardiac, Laryngeal, Frontal and Coronary. All of them are associated with the human body's endocrine system, and each of them is associated with a specific gland.

We will base ourselves here on the study of Hindus, who have been working on subtle anatomy for at least 10,000 years, through Ayurvedic medicine and the sacred scriptures of Hinduism. They are the pioneers in the study of chakras, and they each represent lotus flowers with different amounts of petals. The more subtle the chakras are, the more petals they have (with the exception of the frontal chakra).

From the spiritual point of view, each chakra brings with it a mission to be fulfilled by man. The vibration of each of the chakras also indicates whether the person is doing well in each part of the body and in each sector of his life. A chakra that vibrates excessively is hyperactive, or that vibrates less than normal, hypoactive, is out of balance.

BASE CHAKRA or 1st CHAKRA:

It is called by the Hindus Muladhara, and in Sanskrit it means support. It is at the base of the spine (in the last bone, coccyx), more precisely in the perineum region. Its opening faces downwards, towards the earth. It is responsible for absorbing telluric energy and directly stimulating energy in the body and in the circulation of blood.

It is linked to the adrenal glands, responsible for the release in the blood of the hormone adrenaline, which impels us to preserve our lives in situations of danger or decision.

The basic chakra is red in color, and, as we have already seen, it is connected to the earth element, and also governs the organs that give structure to the body (bones, muscles, spine, hips), legs and feet. In this way, this chakra offers us a support, a structure for us to live on the terrestrial plane, because it is what connects us to the earth, to existence.

It is common for people with depression or who have attempted their own lives to have this fragile chakra. People who are very attached to material things, which accumulate old things tend to have problems with their intestines and this reflects a malfunction of the basic chakra.

Prosperous and healthy people often have an equally healthy basic chakra. The mission of this chakra is to make us walk with balance on the planet Earth and it expresses the health of the physical body as a whole.

SEXUAL CHAKRA or 2nd CHAKRA:

For Hindus, it is Swadhisthana (or city of pleasure, in Sanskrit) and is found in the lower abdomen. It is physically linked to the gonads - testicles (man) and ovaries (woman) - and to female energy, to the mother's womb, to procreation (to the creation of other things as well, such as personal, professional projects), to pregnancy. It is responsible for sexual reproduction and exchange during sex, and for controlling fluids throughout the human body.

The sexual chakra energizes the entire genital and urinary area, it also takes care of the filtration and circulation of fluids in the kidneys and for expelling all excretions from the body. It is governed by the Moon (which is why it is so linked to the feminine, sexuality, motherhood and creation) and the water element (linked to the amniotic fluid, interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, self-esteem).

During pregnancy, inside our mother's womb, we stayed 9 months connected to her by the umbilical cord. In the womb we were sheltered and surrounded by the amniotic fluid, we were nourished by it; for all these reasons, the health of this chakra measures and influences the quality of our relationship with the Earth, with the family, with people in general, and with ourselves. It represents our emotional body, stores emotions experienced in relationships, and gives us the mission to interact with the world, with what is around us in a harmonious way.

It can also be called the sacral chakra, and is orange, purple or red (depending on the circumstances). It is the chakra of sexual exchange and joy. Many spiritual schools avoid talking about this chakra and put the splenic chakra (or spleen chakra) in its place.

When blocked, it causes impotence or discouragement, relationship problems, low self-esteem. When hyperactive, it causes intense sexual desire and other compulsions. If the sexual chakra is healthy, it stimulates the better functioning of the other chakras and helps in awakening the kundalini; the person has a balanced self-esteem, manages to enjoy and appreciate the pleasures of life.

UMBILICAL OR 3rd CHAKRA:

Called Manipura by the Hindus (in Sanskrit, city of jewels), it is one or two fingers above the navel, and is connected to the pancreas. This chakra has a yellow, strong green and red color.

It influences our relationship with matter and with personal power. In this chakra dense emotions such as anger, hurt, fear, sadness, anguish, resentment, anxiety are retained. It is one of the chakras that needs to be treated and harmonized the most. It represents the mental body.

The solar plexus controls the viscera region, and it is no wonder that all dense and visceral emotions (such as passion and desire) accumulate in this region. It is responsible for absorbing energy from food and distributing it throughout the body. It is one of the chakras most susceptible to our routine. Most people suffer from a physical problem in this region, such as gastritis, stomach problems, diabetes, or other digestive problems.

When it is blocked, the umbilical chakra causes nausea, fear or irritation. When in harmony, it gives us a great power of realization, it is the chakra that impels us to act. This chakra has great vitality when healthy, and functions as a psychic radar, perceiving energies or spiritual presences in the environment.

CHACRA HEART OR 4th CHAKRA:

Hindus

s gave the name Anahata (Secret Chamber of the Heart), and, by translating from Sanskrit, is it easy to know where he is? in the heart region, in the center of the chest. The heart chakra is green and yellow-gold in color, and is connected to the thymus gland.

It is responsible for energizing the cardiorespiratory system, and all the energy of the chest. Considered the center of love and channel of expression of feelings, it is also linked to balance, universal love, compassion, altruism and, physically, the immune system.

The heart chakra has the function of balancing the energies of all other chakras, as it is in the center, having below it three lower chakras associated with existence on Earth, and above, three higher chakras, more subtle and associated with the spiritual plane. It is the heart that connects Heaven with Earth, it is the connection of spirituality through matter. It represents the astral body.

It is the most fragile chakra if there is an emotional imbalance. If well developed, it becomes a channel of love for spiritual assistance work. When there is a blockage, the person feels depression, anguish, irritation, stitches in the chest, is excessively materialistic and attached. Physically, the block can generate infarction, tachycardia. In women, breast cancer can surface.

CHACRA LARÍNGEO OR 5º CHAKRA:

Baptized as Vishuddha (The blood purifier, in Sanskrit). This name already gives us some clues about the gland to which it is linked: the thyroid (and parathyroid). The thyroid function is to filter the blood, to regulate menstrual cycles, in women.

It is located in the throat and is responsible for communication, for the expression of ideas, verbalization and implementation of projects. Physically, it takes care of the mouth, throat and airways. The hands and arms are physical extensions of the throat chakra, as it is with them that we bring ideas to the material plane, putting our hands in the dough.

The Laryngeal represents the standard etheric body and presents sky blue, lilac, silvery white or pink. When in good health and development, it facilitates psychophony and clairaudience. It is also considered as an energy filter that prevents emotional energies from reaching the head chakras.

When it has an imbalance, it can cause sore throat, herpes, toothache and / or gum, hyper or hypothyroidism. A person with adaptation problems, or who can take it all quietly, "swallows frogs", may have the throat chakra blocked.

FRONT CHACRA OR 6th CHAKRA:

Ajna (Control Center, in Sanskrit) is better known as the third eye. This means that it is on the forehead, between the eyebrows, and linked to the pituitary or pituitary gland. It has indigo, blue-white, yellow or greenish color.

He controls all the other chakras, it is from him that all commands come out of the whole body; it also takes care of the frontal lobe, which represents our logical portion, our ideals, reasoning and thoughts, our capacity for learning, observation and intuition. The frontal chakra also represents the celestial body and is responsible for the health of the eyes and nose.

When healthy, ajna acquires clairvoyance and expands intuition. It is easy to work with, as we use it a lot on a daily basis by sight. Generally, its activity can be felt by a vibration or sensation of heat in the forehead. This chakra also represents the duality and the two hemispheres of our brain, as it is drawn with only two petals.

There are several dysfunctions in this chakra, such as an excess of thoughts, ideas that accumulate and are not put into practice, disorganization, lack of focus. Physically, the person may suffer from sinusitis, which is the summation of this mental congestion. There may also be a feeling of panic, headaches, even mental problems. Meditation is a great way to empty your head and clean your front chakra.

CORONARY CHACRA OR 7th CHAKRA:

The Sahashara (Lotus of the thousand petals, in Sanskrit) has exactly 972 petals. It is at the top of the head, connected to the pineal or epiphysis, which is the gland that is in the center of the head and is located over all other glands in the body. The chakra forms a crown of light, so it is also known as the crown chakra, as it is facing upwards. It has a violet, fluorescent white or golden color.

Through this chakra, we can reach an understanding of everything and it is through it that we connect with the spiritual plane, with the Higher Self, with God and the divine in all things; it is linked to the way we profess our faith and evolve spiritually.

When it is worked and developed, it facilitates the recall and awareness of the projections of consciousness. It is very important in telepathy, in the development of mediumship, in the expansion of consciousness and in the reception of high themes. It is the chakra through which the cosmic energy and the energy of the Sun penetrates as well.

The coronary is the most important chakra, as it is responsible for energizing the brain bro, it influences mental functions and the production of serotonin, the well-being hormone, as it regulates sleep, appetite, mood, among other functions.

This chakra represents the causal body. His vibration also indicates that we are alive. For this reason, people who say they do not believe in God, or do not profess any faith, or have no religious practice are also active in the crown chakra.

When unbalanced, the person can develop phobias, neurological problems, lack of faith, depression, suicidal tendencies. When you are healthy, we activate all our sensitivity and live in line with our purpose, with health, happiness and a lot of disposition.

The crown chakra is the most important of all chakras, and its mission is to understand all of existence and to become enlightened, to integrate with the whole. It is our last duty on planet Earth.

Chakras and Phytoenergetics

As we saw earlier, each person has his own energy field that surrounds the physical body, called the aura. Each chakra takes care of a sector of our life and the challenges we have to overcome.

Knowing better how our energy behaves, it is possible to begin to unravel the causes of diseases and to perceive the level of toxicity of behavior and recurring thoughts in our daily lives. We can begin to understand how feelings, thoughts and emotions affect our emotional, mental and physical health.

From the moment we discover the imbalances in our body, in the chakras, we can count on the energy of plants. Remember that all living beings have vital energy? Therefore, plants and vegetables can help us, with their energy, to heal us from physical, mental, spiritual and emotional diseases.

HOW TO HAVE THE POWER OF THE MIND AT YOUR FAVOR

Use mind power to your advantage

The human mind is one of the most incredible places in existence. This “box” hides an infinite potential, in which we can seek ideas, concepts and plans to make them come true. To learn more about this subject just keep reading this article!

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Turning dreams into reality

The first step towards making something real is mental creation. There is nothing that we can put into practice or physically materialize without first having it in our mind. The reality is directly linked to the images projected within us. When we are not in control of our thoughts or do not understand how to work the mind, we go through complicated situations or are led into a world that is not ideal.

You may have heard an old saying, quite common: “want is power”. It looks simple, doesn't it? But if we look at coaching, our achievements begin from the moment the mind works towards what we believe and want to achieve. When we think correctly, we have the power to achieve what we so desire.

Tips on how to work the mind correctly

There is no point in demanding tons of innovative ideas from a restless mind. So, check out some tips on how to take care of yourself:

• According to neuroscientist Cori Bargmann, from Rockefeller University, in the United States, to keep the brain active and healthy, it is essential to sleep. During sleep, memories are fixed and some toxic proteins are eliminated, which does not happen when we are awake.

• Physical exercises are also essential for the proper functioning of the mind.

• Gratitude for learnings and achievements is important. This positive posture strengthens self-confidence and makes the individual see life in a more uplifting and less pessimistic way.

• Positive thinking eliminates stresses and anxieties. Supported by it, the central point is never the problem itself, but how to find the best solutions to solve it and move on.

• According to the American psychologist Daniel Goleman, another important element to access the power of the mind is the focus. For the specialist, it is necessary to maintain the internal, external and empathic focus to find balance. For that, Goleman argues that it is necessary to learn to disconnect completely from the environment, as well as to see the world with new perspectives and, finally, to choose the best ways to relate to people.

If you have any other recommendations you want to share, just write in the comments!

6 tips to boost your mind power

As mentioned above, it doesn't take a great technique or an innovative secret for the power of the mind to play alongside us. It is small attitudes, a change in behavior and changes in lifestyle that can make a big difference. Follow the advice below and leverage your mind power:

1. Be positive: always try to have a positive outlook. Attitudes and pensament Positive feelings increase self-esteem and favor the maintenance of physical and mental health. It is useless to want to alter the power of the mind in your favor if the thoughts are bad, negative.

2. Exercise: Exercises are essential for good health. The heart and the rest of our body are grateful if you exercise often. The Roman philosopher Juvenal (died in the 2nd century) said that "a healthy mind in a healthy body". During physical activities, important areas of the mind are worked on, responsible for stimulating memory and the creation of regenerating cells.

3. Give thanks: by thanking, you are fostering positive feelings that favor the feeling of well-being, happiness and reward. In addition, giving thanks strengthens your purpose and your life mission. Be grateful for your achievements, family and friends. And try to exercise that feeling of gratitude whenever possible in the small gestures of the people around you.

4. Sleep well: As mentioned earlier, research has shown that sleep is essential for proper brain function. So try to sleep preferably at least 8 hours a night and do your best to relax and rest your body and mind. Just like the physical part, there comes a time when the head also needs to recharge its batteries.

5. Stay focused: By controlling your ability to concentrate, the power over your mind gradually increases. Knowing the right time to pay attention to a certain topic or simply relax and get a little distracted causes the brain to establish a balance and not be overwhelmed. Make a list of what is really important and try to follow it so that you don't blur and work on that fundamental side of the mind.

6. Replace words: you know that words have strength, right? So work with them to exercise your mind little by little. A valuable tip in this regard is to replace the "if" with "when". Whenever you are dealing with a future issue or plan in your life, do not say "if I get the job", but rather "when I get the job". The "if" gives you options and the "when" centers on an option.

Did you see how everything can be different with simple attitudes in everyday life? Exercise your mind, have positive thoughts and actions, gain greater mental power and extraordinary results in your life.

Neurolinguistic programming

Have you heard about neurolinguistic programming? This science was developed by author Richard Bandler and psychologist John Grinder in the 1970s in the United States. Their research showed that the human being has 3 pillars: neurological processes, language and behavior. More than that, scholars say that a person can connect these points to achieve a goal.

At the Brazilian Coaching Institute (IBC) there is a training that works precisely on this concept called Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP). In addition to delving into the concepts of neurolinguistic programming, the course will help you find your inner self and develop a better version of yourself, without losing the essence. It does not stop there! The training also teaches:

• What is the best way to turn dreams into real goals. A topic very related to what this article talks about.

• What it is and how to exercise self-knowledge, self-development, self-esteem and emotional intelligence.

• How to practice non-verbal language.

• What is the alignment of neurological levels.

• What the thought structure is and how it works.

• How to develop behavioral flexibility.

• What are the representational channels;

• Increase the ability to reflect on a given situation by looking at it from more than one angle

• How to negotiate and solve problems effectively.

• How to manage time and activities productively.

• Best practices for good leadership.

• Development of critical capacity.

• How to generate team commitment.

• How to expand the ability to communicate with different types of audiences.

• Redefine various situations and facts in your life.

• Maturity of creativity and its application in processes and problem solutions.

Did you like the training? So, do not wait another minute and browse the site to learn more about it or contact one of our attendants.

A light mind is much more powerful and aggregating! Since we talked about mind power I present you my negative thoughts detox program! Change your life now! Access here! It is free!

If you liked these tips, comment and share the content with your friends. Below, also, leave other ideas to make the mind become our ally in the search for success and goals.

WHAT IS YOGA?

If you think yoga is just twisting and moving your body weirdly, it's time to rethink. Yoga is much more than postures. Derived from the Sanskrit word "yuj", which means "to unite or to integrate", yoga is a set of knowledge of more and and 5,000 years. Yoga is to harmonize the body with the mind and the breath, through breathing techniques (pranayama), yoga postures (asanas) and meditation. Watch the video below to learn more about what yoga is:

Yoga for Everyone

Yoga is a way of life and if we stop to think, we have been practicing since we were babies! For example, stretching the cat to stretch the spine. You always see children doing some kind of yoga during the day.

Yoga works for everyone: people who work in an office, sports people, people looking to lose weight, with an intense or quiet routine in their day-to-day lives that can have more quality of life with practice.

Breathing Techniques (Pranayama) and Meditation

Pranayama is the art of effectively controlling your breath. Practicing appropriate breathing techniques can help bring more oxygen to the blood and brain, thereby helping to control prana, or vital energy. Pranayama also follows along with several yoga asanas.

The union between these two principles of yoga is considered the highest form of purification and self-discipline, covering both the mind and the body. Prayanamas' techniques also prepare us for a deeper meditation experience.

Sri Sri Yoga

At the Art of Living, we have a yoga workshop that takes place in 5 days (2 hours a day), uniting body, mind and breathing with a joyful experience. A combination of asanas performed in a gentle and vigorous manner is taught, in addition to other techniques that guarantee the well-being of the body and nourish the mind and spirit.

With the multidimensional routine of Sri Sri Yoga, combining yoga postures, breathing techniques, yogic knowledge and meditation, students end up with a complete practice to perform at home. It is aimed at beginners and at the same time for more advanced practitioners. Through the practices taught in the workshop, participants can lose weight and heal from chronic illnesses such as insomnia, asthma, diabetes, hypertension and migraine.

Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - The classic gift of yoga

Sri Sri Ravi Shankar's exclusive commentary on this ancient text, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, will illuminate your knowledge of yoga, its origin and purpose. Immerse yourself in this rich knowledge and learn more about the practice of yoga, described by Patanjali. You can purchase the book in our stores.

FRUITS AND THEIR VITAMINS

Fruits are foods that need to be included every day on our menu. They are rich in vitamins and provide energy for activities. Each type of fruit is a true health balm, with physical and aesthetic benefits. Some of them have important medicinal powers.

People in general are unable to eat the ideal number of servings of fruit every day, as there is a strong temptation to eat a candy or chocolate instead of an apple, for example. However, it is important that we talk about efforts to prioritize fruits whenever possible.

Check the vitamin profile of each fruit:

Banana: Vitamins A, B1, B2 and C

Watermelon: Vitamins B, A and C

Orange: Vitamin C

Lemon: Vitamins C and B complex

Apple: Vitamins B1 and B2

Pineapple: Vitamins C, B1 and A

Passion fruit: Vitamins A, C and B complex

Melon: Rich in vitamins A, C and B complex

Strawberry: Rich in vitamin C

Pear: Vitamins A, C and B complex

Papaya: Vitamins A, C and B complex

Avocado: Vitamin E.

Grape: Vitamins B and C

Fruits with antioxidant powers: strawberry, plum, grape, orange, apple, banana, pear and papaya.

Fruits to be included in the weight loss diet: pineapple (low calorie and diuretic); banana (rich in tryptophan, which helps fight anxiety); fig (source of magnesium and diuretic); lemon (fights free radicals and is also a diuretic); mango (high concentrations of potassium and magnesium) and watermelon (diuretic) and peach (very nutritious).

Citrus fruits (with citric acid): Rich in vitamins and antioxidants, they fight free radicals: Orange, lemon, acerola, cashew, pineapple, loquat. Not acidic and not suitable for heartburn sufferers.

Fruits indicated to fight heartburn: apple, melon, watermelon and banana

TABLE OF VITAMINS

What they are, functions of vitamins, types of vitamins, fruit vitamins, avitaminoses, fat-soluble water-soluble vitamins, importance, vitamin C and others.

What are vitamins

Vitamins are important nutrients for our body. They are extremely important for the proper functioning of our organism, mainly because it helps to prevent many diseases.

They are not produced by the body and, therefore, must be acquired by eating food (fruits, vegetables, meats, etc.). The lack of vitamins can lead to several diseases (avitaminosis).

Vitamins can be of two types: water-soluble (water-soluble and absorbed by the intestine) and fat-soluble (fat-soluble and absorbed by the intestine with the help of bile salts produced by the fig of).

Vitamin A

Sources: poultry, animal and carrot liver

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): vision problems, dryness of the skin, reduction of red blood cells, formation of kidney stones

Functions in the body: combats free radicals, bone formation, skin; retinal functions

Vitamin D

Sources: fish oil, liver, egg yolk

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): rickets and osteoporosis

Functions in the body: regulation of blood and bone calcium

Vitamin E

Sources: greens, olive oil and vegetables

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): visual difficulties and neurological changes

Functions in the body: acts as an antioxidant agent.

Vitamin K

Sources: liver and green leafy vegetables, avocado.

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): deficiency in blood clotting, bleeding.

Functions in the body: it acts on blood clotting, prevents osteoporosis, activates osteocalcin (an important bone protein).

Vitamin B1

Sources: cereals, meats, vegetables, beer yeast

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): beriberi

Functions in the body: it acts on the energy metabolism of sugars

Vitamin B2

Sources: milk, meat, vegetables

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): inflammation of the tongue, anemia, seborrhea

Functions in the body: it acts in the metabolism of enzymes, protection in the nervous system.

Vitamin B5

Sources: liver, mushrooms, corn, avocado, eggs, milk, vegetables

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): fatigue, muscle cramps, insomnia

Functions in the body: metabolism of proteins, fats and sugars

Vitamin B6

Sources: meats, fruits, vegetables and cereals

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): seborrhea, anemia, growth disorders

Functions in the body: growth, cell protection, fat and protein metabolism, hormone production

B12 vitamin

Sources: liver, meat

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): pernicious anemia

Functions in the body: erythrocyte formation and cell multiplication

Vitamin C

Sources: orange, lemon, pineapple, kiwi, acerola, strawberry, broccoli, melon, mango

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): scurvy

Functions in the body: it acts in strengthening the immune system, combats free radicals and increases the absorption of iron by the intestine.

Vitamin H

Sources: walnut, almond, chestnut, yeast yeast, milk, egg yolk, brown rice

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): eczema, exhaustion, muscle pain, dermatitis

Functions in the body: fat metabolism

Vitamin M or B9

Sources: mushrooms, green vegetables

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): megaloblastic anemia, neural tube diseases

Functions in the body: metabolism of amino acids, formation of red blood cells and nerve tissues

Vitamin PP or B3

Sources: peas, peanuts, beans, fish, beans, liver

Diseases caused by deficiency (avitaminosis): insomnia, headache, dermatitis, diarrhea, depression

Functions in the body: maintenance of the skin, protection of the liver, regulates the rate of cholesterol in the blood.

COCONUT WATER: BENEFITS FOR YOUR HEALTH

Not long ago, nutritionists, nutrologists and all kinds of professionals involved in the food area - including me - recommended moderation in the consumption of coconut water, one of the most popular drinks at this time of year when it is hotter. We were concerned that it contains fructose and saturated fats, substances that can put on weight and bring some problems to our health, and because we thought that its benefits did not outweigh its harm.

Coconut water is rich in vitamins, minerals, amino acids, carbohydrates, antioxidants, enzymes and other phytonutrients that help the body to function more efficiently.

Coconut water has a combination of substances that make it special even when compared to drinks. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, amino acids, carbohydrates, antioxidants, enzymes and other phytonutrients that help the body to function more efficiently. Its electrolytic content (ionic mineral) similar to human plasma has guaranteed international recognition as the best oral rehydrator. In other words: a super sport drink incomparable to any other product created by man for this purpose. It is so compatible with the human body that it can even be injected into the vein, which was quite common during the 1st and 2nd World Wars, as well as in the Vietnam War, where the lack of resources made the military learn about the unique qualities of coconut water almost by accident. As much as the hydrating characteristic of this drink is the most famous, the health benefits it does not stop there. Coconut water promotes the balance of body chemistry, benefiting health as a whole. It lowers blood pressure and heart disease risk, prevents atherosclerosis, facilitates kidney functions, protects against various types of cancer, facilitates digestion, controls blood glucose levels in blood, blood circulation, makes the immune system more active, has anti-aging properties and helps to preserve health-friendly bacteria. For sportsmen, coconut water cannot be lacking in the summer. It acts as a repository of electrolytes, a substance that protects against cramps and improves physical performance, being more efficient for the replacement of some nutrients lost in perspiration than water itself. Drink coconut water: it's all good!

Super health!

Learn more: Flavored water makes 2 liters seem little

PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. The study of this area is multifaceted and includes subfields, such as areas of human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.

The word "psychology" comes from the ancient Greek psyque, which means "mind", and logos, which means "knowledge or study". As it is a science, it tries to investigate the causes of the behavior. Consequently, it uses systematic and objective observation, measurement and analysis procedures, supported by theoretical interpretations, generalizations, explanations and predictions.

It seems impossible to study the most complex machine on earth, which is the human mind. Although we cannot directly observe the mind, everything we do, think, feel and say is determined by how it works.

Psychologists take human behavior as raw data to test their theories about how the mind works. For patients, this means understanding what are the mental processes that are triggering negative reactions in their lives. Thus, it is possible to work on them in order to change these behaviors for a healthier mind. According to the Federal Council of Psychology, today there are just over 310 thousand psychologists in Brazil, 90% of whom are women.

What is psychology?

In the early days, there were two dominant theoretical perspectives on his study. An American psychologist named William James (1842-1910) developed an approach that came to be known as functionalism. In it, he argued that the mind is constantly changing and it is useless to look for the building blocks of experience. Instead, the focus should be on how and why an organism does something. Finally, it was suggested that psychologists should look for the underlying cause of the behavior and the mental processes involved. This emphasis on the causes and consequences of behavior was the main influence of contemporary psychology.

The second perspective was Wilhelm Wundt's structuralism. The term originated from Edward Titchener, an American psychologist who had been trained by Wundt. Structuralism was based on trained introspection. As a result of this research method, the subjects reported what was happening in their minds while they were doing a certain task. This proved to be an unreliable method, because there was a lot of individual variation in the research subjects' experiences and reports. Despite the failure of introspection, Wundt is an important figure in the story. It was he who opened the first laboratory dedicated to psychology in 1879. This opening is generally seen as the beginning of modern psychology.

Wundt was also important for separating this area from philosophy, analyzing the functioning of the mind using more objective and standardized procedures. With its wide scope, psychology investigates a huge variety of phenomena: learning and memory, sensation and perception, motivation and emotion, thought and language, personality and social behavior, intelligence, child development, mental illness and much more.

Where did psychology come from?

Psychology is a very new science, with most advances happening in the last 150 years. However, its origins date back to ancient Greece, between 400 and 500 years B.C. The emphasis was philosophical, with great thinkers like Socrates influencing Plato, who in turn influenced Aristotle.

During the 17th century, the French philosopher René Descartes introduced the idea of dualism. It stated that the mind and the body were two entities that interacted to form the human experience. Many other issues still debated by psychologists today, such as the relative contributions of nature versus creation, are rooted in these ancient philosophical traditions.

In the mid-19th century, the philosopher Wundt was using scientific research methods to investigate reaction times. His book was published in 1874, Principles of Physiological Psychology. He described many of the main connections between the science of physiology and the study of human thought and behavior.

In addition, physiology contributed to the eventual emergence of psychology as a scientific discipline. Early physiological research on the brain and behavior has had a dramatic impact in the area. Therefore, they contributed to the application of scientific methodologies in the study of thought and behavior The arms of psychology

Any attempt to explain why human beings think and behave the way they do will be linked to a branch of psychology. The different disciplines are extremely broad. They include:

• Clinical psychology

• Cognitive psychology

• Developmental psychology

• Evolutionary psychology

• Forensic psychology

• Health psychology

• Neuropsychology

• Occupational psychology

• Social Psychology

Clinical psychology

This clinical area integrates science, theory and practice to understand, predict and alleviate problems with adaptation, disability and discomfort. Promotes adaptation, adjustment and personal development. A clinical psychologist focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social and behavioral aspects of human performance throughout a person's life, in different cultures and socioeconomic levels.

Clinical psychology can help us understand, prevent and alleviate the psychological distress or suffering caused and promote an individual's well-being and personal development. Psychological assessment and psychotherapy are central to the practice of clinical psychology. However, clinical psychologists are also often involved in research, training, forensic testimony and other areas.

Cognitive psychology

Cognitive psychology investigates internal mental processes, such as problem solving, memory, learning and language. It analyzes how people think, perceive, communicate, remember and learn. It is closely related to neuroscience, philosophy and linguistics. Cognitive psychologists analyze how people acquire, process and store information. Practical applications include how to improve memory, increase decision-making accuracy, or how to set up educational programs to increase learning.

Developmental Psychology

This is the scientific study of systematic psychological changes that a person experiences throughout life, often referred to as human development. This focuses not only on babies and young children, but on teenagers, adults and the elderly. Factors include motor skills, problem solving, moral understanding, language acquisition, emotions, personality, self-concept and identity formation. Developmental psychology overlaps with fields like linguistics.

Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary psychology looks at how human behavior, like language, was affected by psychological adjustments during evolution. An evolutionary psychologist believes that many human psychological traits are adaptive in that they have allowed us to survive over thousands of years.

Forensic psychology

Forensic study involves the application of psychology to criminal investigation and the law. A forensic psychologist practices psychology as a science within the criminal justice system and civil courts. It involves assessing the psychological factors that can influence a case or behavior and presenting the findings to the court.

Health psychology

Health psychology is also called behavioral medicine or medical psychology. She looks at how the behavior, biology and social context influence disease and health.

A doctor often looks first at the biological causes of an illness. A health psychologist will focus on the person as a whole and what influences their health. This can include your socioeconomic status, education and background, and behaviors that can have an impact on the disease, such as following instructions and medication. Health psychologists often work alongside other medical professionals in clinical settings.

Neuropsychology

Neuropsychology looks at the brain's structure and function in relation to psychological behaviors and processes. Neuropsychology may be involved if the condition involves brain damage and assessments that involve recording electrical activity in the brain.

A neuropsychological assessment is used to determine whether a person is likely to have behavioral problems after a suspected or diagnosed brain injury, such as a stroke. The results may allow a doctor to provide treatment that will help the individual achieve possible improvements in the cognitive damage that has occurred.

Occupational Psychology

In a corporate setting, a psychologist can help increase productivity and increase employee retention. Occupational or organizational psychologists are involved in evaluating and making recommendations on people's performance at work and in training. They help companies find more effective ways to function and understand how people and groups behave at work. This information can help improve effectiveness, efficiency, job satisfaction and employee retention.

social Psychology

Social psychology uses scientific methods to understand how social influences impact affect human behavior. It seeks to explain how feelings, behaviors and thoughts are influenced by the real, imagined or implicit presence of other people.

A social psychologist examines the group's behavior, social perception, non-verbal behavior, conformity, aggression, prejudice and leadership. Social perception and social interaction are seen as fundamental to understanding social behavior. Other ramifications include military, consumer, educational, cross-cultural and environmental psychology, and the number of arms continues to grow.

What all of these approaches have in common is the desire to explain the behavior of individuals based on the functioning of the mind. In all areas, psychologists apply scientific methodology. They formulate theories, test hypotheses through observation and experiments, and analyze the results with statistical techniques that help them to identify important discoveries to assist individuals.

Celebrities who studied psychology

Some celebrities who have studied psychology that you probably don't know are. International actress Natalie Portman, national actor Leonardo Miggiorin, presenter Eliana, Facebook creator Mark Zuckerberg, Brazilian presenter Tiago Leifert and the great Brazilian actress Marisa Orth.

So what is psychology for?

The mind is highly complex and the conditions related to it can be difficult to deal with. The physical signs of some mental health problems can be seen, such as the plaques that develop with Alzheimer's disease. Opposite to this, many theories of psychology are based on the observation of human behavior.

A clinical psychologist will meet with patients and conduct evaluations to find out what their concerns are. Therefore, observe what is causing some difficulty, and recommend or provide treatment. For example, through counseling and psychotherapy. In addition, psychologists may have other roles as well.

• Conduct studies to advise health officials and other bodies on social strategies.

• Assess children who have difficulty learning at school.

• Give workshops on how to prevent bullying.

• Work with recruitment teams in companies and more.

Among the main objectives of psychology are to describe, explain, predict and improve human behavior.

The work of psychologists is highly varied, but they all share a primary objective. This goal is to help people have a better life. Our daily lives are profoundly impacted by the way we interpret hundreds of stimuli (positive or negative) that we receive every day. In other words, quality of life occurs when these stimuli are correctly absorbed and meant, so as not to harm our living.

In conclusion, psychologists are adept at understanding the role that these factors play in influencing health, happiness and general well-being. Getting in touch with psychology helps you gain a richer understanding of the many ways in which the mind affects your own life.

By: Roberto Barros