THE WHOLE STORY OF PARIS

Rarely do I believe that we are talking about a fully valuable city that went through a great period in the revolution of May 1968. Rarely can we understand in all the contradictions that a harsh expression really ends under a more evolutionary reality that happened between both times that a great country was formed that today shows itself under a great culture and its great traditions of a people that always fought and showed in his best ways his soul, desire, work and culture that today is shown under a great cultural construction list that went through a great change between several dilemmas and became a country of gold and dreams where we can conquer and see from near its best value. We live great children's dreams and if we return to the world of fantasy where we can see and see with our soul the best theaters and cinemas that are successful all over the world and today we can understand all the value and capacity of a great people that stayed and will always be kept in the cinematographic culture of life until the present day and let's talk about a political movement in France that we can understand all reason and movement between young people and society that is extinguished under a very socialist relationship under the power of freedom. May 1968 was a political movement in France that, marked by general strikes and student occupations, became an icon of a time when the renewal of values was accompanied by the prominent force of a youth culture. Sexual liberation, the War in Vietnam, the movements for the expansion of civil rights made up all the powder in a keg built by the speech of young students at the time. More than starting some kind of trend, May 68 can be seen as the unfolding of a whole series of questions already proposed by the revision of customs made by political struggles, philosophical works and youth euphoria. On May 2, 1968, French students at the University of Nanterre staged a protest against the division of dormitories between men and women. In fact, this simple reason was rooted in a new generation that demanded an end to conservative postures. Taking advantage of the incident, other French university students and partisan political groups decided to join the protests against the problems experienced in France. With television coverage, the French episode became known around the world. In a short time, the contours of the issues that motivated the protest gained broader and more delicate contours. Students began to demand the resignation of President Charles de Gaulle, considered a conservative, and the call for general elections were the protesters' new proposals. From then on, the city of Paris became the scene of clashes between armed police and protesters protected by barricades. Lacking equal military strength, the insurgents threw stones and Molotov cocktails at the police. On the 18th, workers staged a general strike of alarming proportions. More than 9 million workers crossed their arms demanding better working conditions. Cornered by the proportion of the episodes, President Charles de Gaulle took refuge in a German military base, granted a 35% bonus to the minimum wage and called for new legislative elections. In this way, the workers emptied the spaces of demonstration and returned to occupy their jobs. In the elections called by the French government, the politicians linked to the figure of de Gaulle achieved a significant victory. The president emerged from the episode as a figure capable of overcoming the problems faced by society at the time. Even without achieving any kind of objective achievement, the May 68 movement indicated a change in behavior. The arts, philosophy and affective relationships would be the space for action in a world marked by changes. We can't quite judge this episode as immature or rash. Much less do we know how to precisely limit how much the world has changed since then. However, we can reflect on the place that the rebellion and vigor of ideas occupy in a society systematically taxed as consumerist and individualist. Description It started as a series of student strikes that broke out in some universities and secondary schools in Paris, after clashes with the administration and the police. The Gaullist government's attempt to crush these strikes with further police action in the Latin Quarter led to an escalation of the conflict, which culminated in a general student strike and strikes with factory occupations across France. Analyze Some philosophers and historians have claimed that this event was one of the most important and significant of the 20th century, because it was not due to a restricted layer of the population, such as workers and peasants - who were the majority -, but to a popular insurrection that overcame ethnic barriers, cultural, age and class. In addition, it had intrinsic links with post-war and Cold War events. Other interpretations place May 1968 in the context of demonstrations and insurrections much broader than French events, such as the Italian 'hot autumn' and the Argentine 'Cordobazo', culminating in the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia. The common thread between such uprisings would be the repudiation of the official line of the Soviet Union and Stalinism. According to Professor Felipe Maruf Quintas, May '68 was the first of the Color Revolutions incited by the CIA. One of the characteristics of color revolutions is, according to Andre Korybko, that agents "take advantage of identity problems in a target state in order to mobilize one, some or all of the most common identity issues to provoke large protest movements, which can then be co-opted or directed by them to achieve their political goals". According to Quintas, Charles de Gaulle in 1964 broke the blockade that the United States imposed on Western countries with regard to loans to the Soviet Union, which infuriated the Saxon country. In addition, De Gaulle re-established relations with Cuba and initiated independent relations with Third World countries, that is, non-aligned countries, including "the possibility of technology transfer by French companies to Third World countries in various sectors". "The legacies left by May 1968 were Neoliberalism and Identity Politics. May 68 was individualistic, it exalted subjectivist individualism against the Welfare State in Europe." Most of the insurgents were adherents of leftist ideas. Many saw the events as an opportunity to shake up the values of the "old society", opposing advanced ideas about education, sexuality and pleasure. Among them, a small minority, like the Occident, professed right-wing ideas. in popular culture At the movies • François Truffaut's film Baisers volés (1968) takes place in Paris during the protests. Although not an overtly political film, it contains references and images of the demonstrations. The film captures the revolutionary feeling of the period and explains why Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard called for the cancellation of the 1968 Cannes festival. • The film Mourir d'aimer (1971), by André Cayatte, is based on the true story of Gabrielle Roussier, a professor of classical studies (played in the film by Annie Girardot) who committed suicide after being convicted of having had an affair. with one of his students during May 1968. • Jean-Luc Godard's film Tout Va Bien (1972) examines the class struggle that continued in French society after May 1968. • Jean Eustache's Grand Prix (Cannes Festival) film The Mother and the Whore (1973) cites the events of May 1968 and explores their aftermath. • The film Molotov Cocktail (1980), by Diane Kurys, tells the story of a group of French friends who were on a trip to Israel but decide to return to Paris after hearing news about the demonstrations. • Louis Malle's film Milou en mai (1990) is a satirical portrayal of the impact of May 1968's revolutionary fervor on the small-town bourgeoisie. • A 2003 film by Bernardo Bertolucci, Os Sonhadores, based on the novel The Holy Innocents by Gilbert Adair, tells the story of three young people who, during May 1968, watch the revolution unfold through their bedroom window. In the extras of a DVD of the film, there is a documentary about the time. The movement is described by contemporary scholars as a critique of contemporary Western capitalist society and a return to an idealized romantic past. The film Les amants réguliers (2005), by Philippe Garrel, tells the story of a group of friends who participate in the protests, and their lives a year later. • In the film OSS 117 : Rio ne répond plus (2009), the protagonist Hubert mocks the hippie students by saying: "It's 1968. There will be no revolution. Cut your hair." • The film Après mai (2012), by Olivier Assayas, tells the story of a young painter and his friends who bring the revolution to their local schools and have to deal with the existential and legal consequences of the act. In the song • The song "Verão de 68" by the Brazilian punk band Blind Pigs - Porcos Cegos, deals with the story of a MR-8 guerrilla woman during the 1968 protests in Brazil. • The song "É Proibido Proibir", by Caetano Veloso, took its name from a graffiti sprayed on the streets of Paris during May 1968. The song protested against the Brazilian military regime. The lyrics of the Rolling Stones song Street Fighting Man (1968) refer to the protests seen from the perspective of a "sleepy city of London". The lyrics were adapted to the melody of an unreleased Stones song with different lyrics. The melody is also influenced by the sound of French police car sirens. The work "Symphony" (1968/1969), by Luciano Berio, included slogans from May 1968. • Many lyrics by French anarchist songwriter Léo Ferré were inspired by May 1968, such as "L'Été 68", "Comme une fille" (1969), "Paris je ne t'aime plus" (1970), "La Violence et l'Ennui" (1971), "Il n'y a plus rien" (1973) and "La Nostalgie" (1979). • The song Paris Mai (1969), by Claude Nougaro. In 1972 Vangelis released the album Fais que ton rêve soit plus long que la nuit (Make your dreams bigger than the night). The album contains sounds of demonstrations, songs and a news report. • The imaginary Italian official described by Fabrizio De André in his album Storia di un impiegato (1973) has the idea of exploding a bomb in front of Italy's Parliament, upon hearing the news about the May events in France and comparing his tedious life with the exciting life of revolutionaries in France. • The song Bye Bye Badman, from the album The Stone Roses (1989) by The Stone Roses, is about the protests. The album cover features the three colors of the French flag, as well as lemons (which were used by the French to nullify the effects of tear gas during May 1968). The song Papá cuéntame otra vez (1997), by Ismael Serrano, refers to May 1968, when he says: "daddy, tell me again that beautiful story, of guards, fascists and students with long hair; of sweet urban warfare with bell-bottoms, and Rolling Stones songs, and girls in miniskirts".[14] • The song "Protest Song '68" (1998), by the Swedish band Refused, is about the May 1968 protests. The music video for the song I heard wonders (2008), by Northern Irish musician David Holmes, is based on the protests. , and alludes to the influence of the Situationist International on them. In literature • The novel The Merry Month of May (1971), by James Jones, tells the fictional story of an American expatriate who accidentally finds himself in the middle of the protests. • The philosophical book "The Anti-Oedipus", by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, a great critic of traditional psychoanalysis, was written, according to the authors, under the strong influence of May 68. The history of Paris is linked to a combination of several geographic and political factors. It was Clovis who decided, in the 6th century, to install the fixed organs of the kingdom's political power in the small city of Paris. This capital position will be confirmed by the Capetians, after a hiatus of two centuries during the Carolingian era. Paris' position at the crossroads of commercial and river land routes in the heart of a region rich in agriculture, made Paris one of the main cities in France during the 10th century with royal palaces, rich abbeys and a cathedral. During the twelfth century, Paris became one of Europe's first centers for education and the arts. Whether with the Fronde, the French Revolution or May 1968, Paris has always been at the heart of the events that have marked the history of France. The Historical Library of the City of Paris allows the public to delve into the historical memory of Paris and the Île-de-France, under very different aspects. Representation of "old Paris" in front of the Eiffel Tower at the Universal Exhibition of 1900 The city's patron saint is St. Genoveva, the one who would have excluded Attila and the Huns from the city in the 5th century for her prayers. Her shrine is now in the Church of Saint-Étienne-du-Mont. History Prehistory The first known settlement in Paris is from the Chassean culture (between 4000 and 3800 BC), on the left bank of an old branch of the Seine within the 12th arrondissement of Paris. Human presence there appears to have been continuous during the Neolithic. The remains of a village in the Administrative Quarter of Bercy, part of the 12th arrondissement, have been recovered and dated to around 400 BC. — notably a vessel stuck in the mudflats that were there at the time and currently on display at the Carnavalet Museum. Antique Roman baths beneath the Latin Quarter Apart from this, the lack of data characterizes the knowledge of the period from the said prehistoric occupation to the Gallo-Roman period. The only certainty is that the Parisians are the masters of the region when Caesar's troops arrive in 52 BC, who renamed it Lutetia (Lutetia). The Parisians had submitted to Vercingetorix to fight the invading Romans, but without success. It is still not known precisely where the Gallic settlement was: île de la Cité (a hypothesis that is now much discredited), île Saint-Louis, or some other island that is now annexed to the left bank of the Seine, or even Nanterre. The Roman city was built, according to an orthogonal grid map dating from the 1st century, on the left bank. Lutetia, as the Romans called it, probably having no more than five to six thousand inhabitants in its heyday, was no more than a modest village in the Roman world. Compare it with Lugduno, capital of the three Gauls (one of which was Gaul Lugdunensis, which included the region of Lutetia), which in the 2nd century had 50,000 BC. 80 000 inhabitants. Even so, Lutetia had a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theaters, and an amphitheater. According to tradition, the town was Christianized by Saint Denis, who was martyred in the year 272. During the Low Empire, Lutetia was affected by the great invasions and its population took refuge on the île de la Cité, fortified with stones recovered from large ruined buildings. However, since the 4th century, the existence of settlements outside the wall is attested, and the village takes on the name of the people of which it is the capital, the Parisians. In 451, Santa Genoveva, future patroness of the city, will be the one who will manage to convince the inhabitants not to flee before the Huns of Attila, who are effectively repelled without combat. Middle Ages Reconstructed map of Paris from the year 1223 King Clovis I made Paris the capital of the Kingdom of the Franks around 506. Afterwards it remained until at least the beginning of the 7th century. In the 6th century, the Church of Saint-Gervais is the first place of worship located on the right bank – a sign that the city is expanding. The Vikings, arriving in their longships of minimum displacement, pillage for the first time in 845 the city abandoned by its inhabitants. Its incursions lasted until the beginning of the 10th century, and its assaults were only mitigated with the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte concluded in 911. The Capetians, who reigned from 987 onwards, preferred Orléans to Paris, one of the two large towns in their personal domain. Hugo Capeto, despite his residence on the île de la Cité, did not spend much time there. Roberto o Pio visits her very often. The city becomes an important center of religious education since the 11th century. Royal power was progressively established in Paris, which became the capital of the kingdom again, starting with Louis VI (1108-1137) and even more so under Philip Augustus (1179-1223), who surrounded it with a wall. Trade enriches Paris which takes advantage of its position at the convergence of major trade routes. The wheat enters through Rue Saint-Honoré; fabrics from the North along Rue Saint-Denis and fish from the North Sea and Channel through Rue des Poissonniers. The importance of its market, together with the Lendit fair in Saint-Denis, demands a square in a place less crowded than the île de la Cité: Louis VI installs it around 1137 in the place called "Les Champeaux" (the little meadows ); the Halles de Paris (Municipal Market) would remain there for over eight centuries. Collection of Ordinances of the Provost of the Merchants of Paris, 1416, by Charles VI In 1163, Bishop Maurice de Sully undertook the construction of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris on the île de la Cité. The importance of the city increases, both politically and financially and commercially. The central organs of government make it its headquarters, and the king's desire to better control it does not allow it to enjoy a communal charter. Despite this, he grants her the privileges of "the king's burg" and grants favors to the "hansa" (or "guild") of river merchants. In 1258, Saint-Louis took the provost out of the hands of merchants and entrusted it to a friend, Étienne Boileau. In 1263, the merchants' hansa elects the first council composed of a provost of merchants and four councilors. Thus, a system of dual authority is established between the city and royal power. Around 1328, the population of Paris is estimated at 200,000 inhabitants, which makes it the most populous city in Europe. But in 1348, the Black Death decimated the population. In the 14th century, the wall of Charles V (1371–1380) encompasses the entirety of the current 3rd and 4th arrondissements and extends from the Pont Royal to the Porte Saint-Denis. The Louvre fortress in the early 15th century from the illuminated manuscript Book of Hours, Les très riches heures du duc de Berry, month of October During the Hundred Years' War, popular discontent fuels the ambition of the merchant provost, Étienne Marcel, provoking the great ordinance of 1357 and then the first great popular uprising in the history of Paris, causing further rifts between the king and the city. The kings have since ceased to reside in the center of the city, preferring first the Hôtel Saint-Pol (destroyed by order of Charles VI after the Bal des Ardents), then the Hôtel des Tournelles, from which it is easier to escape in the event of a riot. In 1407 (shortly after the assassination of Louis d'Orleans), a civil war between Armagnacs and Bourguignons breaks out that lasts until 1420. The city passes to the Bourguignon countryside in September 1411. Paris ends up ruined by the Hundred Years War. Joan of Arc, in 1429, is burned alive in an attempt to free her from the English and their Bourguignon allies. Charles VII and his son Louis XI have reservations against the city and insist on not residing there, preferring the Loire Valley. Its population grows between 1422 and 1500, counting from one hundred thousand to one hundred and fifty thousand souls. Modest economic expansion resumed in the mid-15th century, but the city suffered from the absence of the Court. Paris becomes an administrative and judicial city, Modern age The Renaissance, markedly present in the royal court residing in the Loire Valley, consequently does not benefit Paris much. Despite its remoteness, the monarchy is uneasy with the disorderly expansion of the city. The first urban regulation was enacted in 1500 in connection with the new bridge of Notre-Dame, on which uniform houses of brick and stone in the Louis XII style were built. In 1528, Francis I officially took up residence in Paris. Intellectual irradiation grows: to university education (theology and liberal arts) is added modern education focused on humanism and the exact sciences according to the king's wishes, at the Collège de France. Under his reign, Paris reached 280,000 inhabitants and remained the largest city in the West. Map of Paris in 1787 by Brion de la Tour On August 24, 1572, under Charles IX, the massacre of Saint Bartholomew's night was organized. There are between two thousand and ten thousand victims. The French Catholic League, particularly strong in the capital, rises against Henry III during the Day of the Barricades in 1588. He flees before laying siege to the city. After his assassination, the siege is maintained by Henry of Navarre, crowned as Henry IV. The city, though ruined and starving, did not open its doors to him until 1594 after his conversion—at which time he coined the famous but apocryphal quote "Paris vaut bien une messe." (For Paris, it's worth going to a mass). The Day of the Barricades of 1648 marks the beginning of the Fronde, which causes a severe economic crisis and an atmosphere of contempt for the king vis-a-vis his capital. Despite a high infant mortality rate, the population reaches the 400,000 mark thanks to immigration from the provinces. Paris is a very poor village where there is a lack of security. The neighborhood of the legendary court of miracles (so called because the indigent and sick of the day disappeared after the night had passed, as if by a miracle) was progressively emptied from 1656 onwards by Lieutenant General of Police Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie. Louis XIV chooses Versailles as his residence in 1677, before moving the seat of government there in 1682. Colbert takes the Parisian administration in his hands and makes the trips back and forth between Paris and Versailles. During his reign, the Sun King did not go to Paris more than twenty-four times, essentially just to attend official ceremonies, a display of hostility that Parisians are not very fond of. In the eighteenth century, Versailles did not deprive Paris of intellectual pre-eminence; on the contrary, it becomes a flame of revolt to feed on Enlightenment ideas. This is the period of literary salons, like that of Madame Geoffrin. The 1970s was also a period of strong economic expansion which allowed for an important demographic milestone: the town reached 640,000 inhabitants on the eve of the French Revolution. In 1715, the regent Filipe d'Orleães leaves Versailles for the Palais Royal. The young Louis XV settles in the Tuileries Palace, thus making an ephemeral return of royalty to Paris. In 1722, Louis XV returned to the Palace of Versailles, breaking the fragile reconciliation with the Parisian people. The city at that time stretched roughly over the first six arrondissements today, with the Jardin du Luxembourg marking the city's western boundary. Louis XV begins to take a personal interest in the city in 1749, which is when he decides to renovate Place Louis XV (now Place de la Concorde), create the military school in 1752, and above all build a church dedicated to Santa Genoveva in 1754, better known now as Pantheon. The French Revolution and the Empire The Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 It is in Versailles that the French Revolution begins with the convocation of the Estates General and later with the Oath of the Game of Péla. But the economic crisis (in particular, the price of bread), the sensitivity to political problems born of Enlightenment philosophy, and the resentment that royal power had abandoned the city for more than a century, give Parisians a new orientation. The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, linked to the uprising of artisans in the Saint-Antoine suburb, is the first stage of this. On July 15, 1789, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly received the post of first mayor of Paris at the Hôtel de Ville. On October 5, an uprising unleashed by women in Parisian markets arrives in Versailles at dusk. At 6 am, the castle is invaded and the king is forced by the people to take up residence in Paris at the Tuileries Palace and from there convene a constituent assembly, which is installed on October 19 in the Tuileries Salle du Manège. On July 14, 1790, the Federation Festival takes place in Campo de Marte. In that same place, the occasion will be less festive when, on July 17, 1791, it will serve as the stage for a shooting. The assets of the Catholic Church and the Crown are declared to be national assets, owned by the revolutionary government. Among them the Cordelheiro Convent and the Jacobin Convent, taken in May 1790, which would constitute the heart of revolutionary Paris, stand; this demonstrates the absolute power of the Parisian clubs over the course of the Revolution. On the night of August 9, 1792, a revolutionary "commune" took possession of the Hôtel de Ville. On August 10, 1792, the crowd surrounds the Tuileries Palace with the support of the new council government. King Louis XVI and the royal family are imprisoned in the Tour du Temple. The French monarchy is in effect abolished. After the 1792 elections, the ultra-radical representatives of the Paris Commune opposed the National Convention dominated by the Girondins, who represented the more moderate opinion of the provincial bourgeoisie; the Girondin Convention is dispersed in 1793. The Hotel de Ville, on 9 Thermidor of the year II Parisians then live under two years of rationing. Terror reigns with the specter of the Committee of Public Safety. The Paris police, under the authority of the mayor, undertake the task of imprisoning all those left in the city among the nobles, the wealthy bourgeois, the priests and the intellectuals. It is for this reason that the mayor of Paris is still to this day the only one in all of France to be prohibited from exercising any police power. On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI is guillotined in Place Louis XV, renamed "Place of the Revolution". He is followed on the scaffold in just a few weeks by 1,119 people, including Marie Antoinette, Danton, Lavoisier, and finally Robespierre and his supporters after the 9th of Thermidor of year II (27th July 1794). The Revolution was not a favorable period for the development of the city (few monuments were built), which had no more than 548,000 inhabitants in 1800. Numerous convents and churches were razed to the ground and gave way to unplanned subdivisions, resulting in a reduction of spaces green areas of the city and a densification of the centre. Under the Directory, splendid neoclassical-style buildings are erected. In 1806, Paris had already made up for the losses suffered during the Revolution and had 650,000 inhabitants; this progression is mainly the effect of immigration from the provinces, given that the birth rate remains weak. After the mid-18th century, the city was overtaken by London in full economic and demographic expansion, reaching 1,096,784 inhabitants. On December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte, who had seized power in 1799, is consecrated emperor by Pope Pius VII in Notre-Dame Cathedral. He decides to establish Paris as the capital of his Empire. From the Restoration to the Paris Commune The Avenue de l'Opéra as seen by Pissarro from the current Hôtel du Louvre The fall of the Empire in 1814-1815 brings to Paris the English and Cossack armies that camp on the Champs-Élysées. Louis XVIII, returning from exile, reenters Paris, has himself crowned there and settles in the Tuileries. Louis XVIII and Charles X, and then even the July Monarchy, paid little attention to Parisian urbanism. The working proletariat, in strong expansion, clumps miserably in the central districts which, with more than 100,000 inhabitants per square kilometer, constitute severe outbreaks of epidemics; cholera in 1832 claimed 32,000 victims. In 1848, the final destination of 80% of the dead is a mass grave, and two-thirds of Parisians are too poor to pay taxes. The impoverished mass of the people, neglected and worn out, is in the ideal climate for repeated uprisings that the government can neither predict nor win: the barricades cause first the fall of Charles X during the Revolutions of 1830 and then that of Louis-Philippe in 1848. The society of the time is abundantly described by Balzac, Victor Hugo and Eugène Sue. During this period, the city accelerates its growth rate until it reaches the Mur des Fermiers Généraux. Between 1840 and 1844, the last wall of Paris, called Enceinte de Thiers, was built on the current site of the boulevard périphérique. In the heart of the city, Rue Rambuteau is open. With the arrival of the Second Empire, Paris is radically transformed. From a city with a medieval structure, old and unsanitary buildings, and practically devoid of major traffic routes, it becomes a modern city in less than twenty years. Napoleon III had precise ideas about urbanism and housing. Today's Paris is therefore first and foremost the city of Napoleon III and Haussmann, who was commissioned to remodel the city, opening several new streets, axes and boulevards, as well as new open spaces and monuments. In this way, Paris acquired a new urban layout. A typical Haussmannian building On January 1, 1860, a law allows Paris to annex several neighboring communes. The French capital thus increases from twelve to twenty arrondissements and from 3,438 to 7,802 hectares. After these annexations, the administrative limits of the city will be modified no more than slightly, and urban growth, which continued uninterrupted from the end of the 19th century to the 19th century. will not be accompanied by a similar expansion of the boundaries of the commune, from which the "suburbs" originated. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Paris is besieged for several months, but not taken by Prussian armies. On that occasion, air mail was invented, thanks to mail balloons. Refusing the armistice signed on January 26, 1871 and following the February elections which brought to power the monarchists wishing to put an end to the war, the Parisians rose up on March 18, 1871. It was the beginning of the Paris Commune. The monarchist Assembly provisionally installed in Versailles, clashed against the Commune between the 22nd and 28th of May, in what was called Bloody Week. This remains to this day as the last civil war that Paris would know. From Belle Époque to World War II Universal Exhibition of 1889 During the Belle Époque, Paris's economic expansion is significant; in 1913 the city has one hundred thousand companies employing one million workers. Between 1900 and 1913, 175 cinemas were created in Paris, numerous department stores were born and contributed to the aggrandizement of the city of light. Two universal expositions leave a great mark on the city. The Eiffel Tower was built for the Universal Exhibition of 1889 (centennial of the French Revolution) which welcomes 28 million visitors. The first line of the Paris Metro, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the Pont Alexandre III were inaugurated on the occasion of the 1900 Exhibition, which received fifty-three million visitors.[18] The industry progressively moves to the nearby suburbs where more space is available: Renault to Boulogne-Billancourt or Citroën to Suresnes. This migration is the origin of the "banlieue rouge". However, certain activities remain strongly implanted within the intramural city, in particular the press and publication. From the Belle Époque to the Crazy Years, Paris is at the height of its cultural influence (notably around the neighborhoods of Montparnasse and Montmartre) and is home to many artists such as Picasso, Matisse, Braque and Fernand Léger. Adolf Hitler and his generals with the Eiffel Tower in the background, after the Battle of France during WWII In 1910, the Great Flood of the Seine caused one of the most serious floods that the city would know and caused three billion francs in damages.[c 11] During the First World War, Paris, spared from direct fighting, suffered bombings[19] and German cannon fire. These bombings are sporadic and are nothing more than a psychological operation. The Inter-war unfolds against a background of social and economic crisis. The public authorities, in response to the housing crisis, passed the Loucheur Law, which created the Habitation à Bon Marché (HBM, socially priced housing) erected on the site of the former Thiers enceinte. The other Parisian buildings are essentially dilapidated and constitute outbreaks of tuberculosis; the urban density culminates in 1921, Paris within the walls counting 2 906 000 inhabitants. At the same time, subdivisions are being developed everywhere around the city, in "banlieues" where expansion is carried out in an anarchic way, often in open fields without organization and without public services. Parisians are trying to regain their political preeminence in a context of multiple financial scandals and corruption in political circles. On February 6, 1934, the demonstration of the Patriot Youth against the parliamentary left degenerates into violence and leaves seventeen dead and one thousand one hundred and five injured, which follows on July 14, 1935, an important demonstration in favor of the Popular Front has 500,000 protesters. French Resistance troops commanded by Gen. Charles de Gaulle at the Arc de Triomphe after the liberation of Paris on 26 August 1944 During the Second World War, Paris, declared an open city since the Battle of France, is occupied by the Wehrmacht on June 14, 1940. It is relatively spared. The government of Marshal Pétain settles in Vichy, and Paris ceases to be the capital and becomes the headquarters of the German military command in France (Militärbefehlshaber in Frankreich). On December 23, 1940, engineer Jacques Bonsergent is the first member of the Resistance to be shot in Paris. On July 16 and 17, 1942, the Rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver, or Vel d'Hiv, seized 12,884 Jews, the most massive in France, most of whom were women and children. As the Allied troops approached, the French Resistance unleashed an armed insurrection on August 19, 1944. The Liberation of Paris took place on August 25 with the entry into Paris of General Leclerc's 2nd armored division, commanded by Captain Raymond Dronne. to pierce the enemy lines with his ninth company (Régiment de marche du Tchad). General von Choltitz capitulates without carrying out Hitler's orders, demanding the destruction of the city. The city is relatively spared from fighting.[c 17] Paris is one of the few communes in France to be awarded the title of Compagnon de la Libération (Companion of Liberation). The Contemporary Paris In 1956, Paris was linked to Rome by a privileged tie, a strong symbol of the dynamics of[25] reconciliation and cooperation after the Second World War. Under General de Gaulle's tenure from 1958 to 1969, various political events unfold in the capital. On October 17, 1961, a demonstration in favor of Algeria's independence was violently repressed. According to estimates, between 32 and 325 people are massacred by the police, then led by Maurice Papon. From March 22, 1968, an important student movement emerged at the University of Nanterre. Upon arriving in the Latin Quarter, the demonstrations degenerated into violence. The contestation, taking shape in a context of international solidarity and emulation (American blacks and feminists, the Dutch provos, the Prague Spring, the attack on the German Rudi Dutschke, etc.) between idealists and young people, cradled by Bob Dylan and his song The Times They Are a-Changin', wishing to "change the world", quickly develops into a national political and social crisis. On May 13, a huge popular march brings together 800,000 people in protest against police violence. On May 30, a demonstration in support of the government and General de Gaulle brings together one million people, from the Place de l'Étoile to the Place de la Concorde. After two months of disorder and turmoil, Parisians vote massively in favor of General de Gaulle in the legislative elections and calm returns. General de Gaulle's successor, Georges Pompidou, takes a close interest in the capital. He lent his name to the building that houses the musée national d'Art moderne, the bibliothèque publique d'information and the right bank expressway. Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, president during his term, does not share his vision of radical modernization: he called into question the planned project for the Halles and partially interrupted the expressway project. In 1976, the state allows for the first time since 1871 that the capital has autonomy in the council. The Gaullist Jacques Chirac is then elected mayor. He will be re-elected in 1983 and 1989. Under the first term of President François Mitterrand, a reform is adopted by the decentralization law of December 31, 1982: it gives each arrondissement of the capital a mayor and a municipal council of its own and no longer designated. by the mayor of Paris. In 1991, the quays of the Seine, from Pont Sully to Pont d'Iéna, were placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a remarkable river-urban complex with its various monuments which constitute masterpieces of architecture and of reason. Elected President of the Republic in May 1995, Jacques Chirac is replaced by Jean Tiberi whose single term is notably marked by the exposure of various corruption scandals and the division of the majority of the council. In 2001, the socialist Bertrand Delanoë is elected mayor. It stands out from its predecessors in its public desire to reduce car space in the city for the benefit of pedestrians and public transport. He develops the animation of Parisian life through major cultural events such as the Nuit Blanche or simply playful ones such as Paris-Plage. On March 16, 2008, Bertrand Delanoë is re-elected mayor of Paris against Françoise de Panafieu (UMP). In November 2005, France was shaken by social conflicts where the trigger would have been racial differences. Big popular riots took place in the country, including in Paris and its suburbs: they were affected by the disorder and burning of cars at night, in the episode that became known as Autumn 2005. The political and intellectual capital of France, Paris is the seat of the government, the main administrations, an archbishopric, a university (which brings together a third of French students), several museums and libraries. It is also the main industrial and commercial center in France, thanks to the importance of the consumer market, the convergence of communication routes and the concentration of capital. Paris is the headquarters of the international organizations UNESCO, OECD and the International Chamber of Commerce.

PARIS CINEMA:

The film industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumière screened the first film for a paying audience at the Grand Café on December 28, 1895. Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were turned into cinemas when this type of media became popular. from the 1930s onwards. Later, most of the larger cinemas were divided into several smaller rooms. The largest cinema in Paris today is in the Grand Rex theater, with 2,700 seats. Large multiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s. The UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles with 27 screens, the MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens and the UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest. Parisians tend to share the same cinema trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas dominated primarily by Hollywood-generated entertainment. French cinema comes in second, with great directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard and Luc Besson, and the most popular genre, with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. On February 2, 2000, Philippe Binant performed the first digital cinema projection in Europe, with DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments, in Paris.

OPERAS, THEATERS AND SHOW ROOMS:

The Opera Garnier The largest opera houses in Paris are the 19th century Opéra Garnier (historic Opera National de Paris) and the modern Opera Bastille; the former tends towards more classical ballets and operas, while the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classical and modern. By the mid-19th century there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opera-Comique (which still exists), the Théâtre-Italien and the Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times has changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville). . The Philharmonie de Paris, Paris' modern symphonic concert hall, opened in January 2015. Theater has traditionally held a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also French television stars. The oldest and most famous theater in Paris is the Comédie-Française, founded in 1680. Run by the government of France, it presents mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu, next to the Louvre. Other famous theaters include the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe, next to the Luxembourg Gardens, also a state institution and a theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse.

CULTURE AND ARCHITECTURE:

The most famous monuments in Paris date back to different times and are often found in the center or on the banks of the Seine. The quays on the Seine that lie between the Pont de Sully au Pont de Bir-Hakeim constitute one of the most beautiful urban river landscapes and are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. There you can find, to the east and west: Notre-Dame, the Louvre, the Invalides, the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Quai Branly Museum, the Eiffel Tower and the Trocadéro. Several classical-style monuments also leave their mark on central Paris. The Sorbonne chapel in the heart of the Latin Quarter was built in the early 17th century. The Louvre, the royal residence, was embellished in the 17th century and retouched many more times since then. The Hôtel des Invalides, with its famous golden dome, was built in the late 17th century on the outskirts of the city by Louis XIV, who was eager to provide a hospital for wounded soldiers. Since 15 December 1840 the monument has housed the ashes of Napoleon Bonaparte and also his tomb since 2 April 1861. The 19th century heritage is very abundant in Paris, namely the Arc de Triomphe, the covered walkways, the Palace Garnier (built from the end of the Second Empire to the beginning of the Third Republic and which houses the Paris Opera) and the Eiffel Tower (a "provisional" construction built by Gustave Eiffel for the Universal Exhibition of 1889, but which was never dismantled ). The tower has become the emblem of Paris, visible from most neighborhoods in the city and even the nearby suburbs. Throughout the 20th century, the best architects have seeded the streets of Paris with their achievements: Guimard, Charles Plumete Jules Lavirotte, true references of Art Nouveau in France, followed by the achievements of Robert Mallet-Stevens, Michel Roux-Spitz, Dudok, Henri Sauvage, Le Corbusier, Auguste Perret, among others, during the inter-war period. Contemporary architecture is represented in Paris by the Center Georges Pompidou, a 1970s building that houses the National Museum of Modern Art as well as the Public Information Library. No less important are the achievements conceived by President François Mitterrand: the National Library of France, the Opera Bastille and, probably the most famous, the Louvre Pyramid, the work of the architect Ieoh Ming Pei built in the main courtyard of the Louvre. More recently, the Quai Branly Museum, or Museum of the Arts and Civilizations of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas, designed by Jean Nouvel and opened in 2006, has further enriched the architectural and cultural diversity of the capital. I want to thank you for this work prescribed here as a very familiar example of a great people who have always been dedicated to popular culture and a big hug!

By: Roberto Barros